On the role of extracellular polymeric substances during early stages of Xylella fastidiosa biofilm formation

2013 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 519-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela S. Lorite ◽  
Alessandra A. de Souza ◽  
Daniel Neubauer ◽  
Boris Mizaikoff ◽  
Christine Kranz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Early Stages

scholarly journals Chitin Utilization by the Insect-Transmitted Bacterium Xylella fastidiosa

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (18) ◽  
pp. 6134-6140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabil Killiny ◽  
Simone S. Prado ◽  
Rodrigo P. P. Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Chitinolytic Activity ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Biological Assays ◽  
Chitinase A ◽  
Transcriptional Changes

ABSTRACT Xylella fastidiosa is an insect-borne bacterium that colonizes xylem vessels of a large number of host plants, including several crops of economic importance. Chitin is a polysaccharide present in the cuticle of leafhopper vectors of X. fastidiosa and may serve as a carbon source for this bacterium. Biological assays showed that X. fastidiosa reached larger populations in the presence of chitin. Additionally, chitin induced phenotypic changes in this bacterium, notably increasing adhesiveness. Quantitative PCR assays indicated transcriptional changes in the presence of chitin, and an enzymatic assay demonstrated chitinolytic activity by X. fastidiosa. An ortholog of the chitinase A gene (chiA) was identified in the X. fastidiosa genome. The in silico analysis revealed that the open reading frame of chiA encodes a protein of 351 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 40 kDa. chiA is in a locus that consists of genes implicated in polysaccharide degradation. Moreover, this locus was also found in the genomes of closely related bacteria in the genus Xanthomonas, which are plant but not insect associated. X. fastidiosa degraded chitin when grown on a solid chitin-yeast extract-agar medium and grew in liquid medium with chitin as the sole carbon source; ChiA was also determined to be secreted. The gene encoding ChiA was cloned into Escherichia coli, and endochitinase activity was detected in the transformant, showing that the gene is functional and involved in chitin degradation. The results suggest that X. fastidiosa may use its vectors' foregut surface as a carbon source. In addition, chitin may trigger X. fastidiosa's gene regulation and biofilm formation within vectors. Further work is necessary to characterize the role of chitin and its utilization in X. fastidiosa.

scholarly journals The Role of Bacterial Biofilm in Antibiotic Resistance and Food Contamination

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gedif Meseret Abebe
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽  
Food Contamination ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Related Factors

Biofilm is a microbial association or community attached to different biotic or abiotic surfaces or environments. These surface-attached microbial communities can be found in food, medical, industrial, and natural environments. Biofilm is a critical problem in the medical sector since it is formed on medical implants within human tissue and involved in a multitude of serious chronic infections. Food and food processing surface become an ideal environment for biofilm formation where there are sufficient nutrients for microbial growth and attachment. Therefore, biofilm formation on these surfaces, especially on food processing surface becomes a challenge in food safety and human health. Microorganisms within a biofilm are encased within a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances that can act as a barrier and recalcitrant for different hostile conditions such as sanitizers, antibiotics, and other hygienic conditions. Generally, they persist and exist in food processing environments where they become a source of cross-contamination and foodborne diseases. The other critical issue with biofilm formation is their antibiotic resistance which makes medication difficult, and they use different physical, physiological, and gene-related factors to develop their resistance mechanisms. In order to mitigate their production and develop controlling methods, it is better to understand growth requirements and mechanisms. Therefore, the aim of this review article is to provide an overview of the role of bacterial biofilms in antibiotic resistance and food contamination and emphasizes ways for controlling its production.

scholarly journals Current Understanding of Group A Streptococcal Biofilms

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 982-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heema K.N. Vyas ◽  
Emma-Jayne Proctor ◽  
Jason McArthur ◽  
Jody Gorman ◽  
Martina Sanderson-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Group A

Background:It has been proposed that GAS may form biofilms. Biofilms are microbial communities that aggregate on a surface, and exist within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. Biofilms offer bacteria an increased survival advantage, in which bacteria persist, and resist host immunity and antimicrobial treatment. The biofilm phenotype has long been recognized as a virulence mechanism for many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, however very little is known about the role of biofilms in GAS pathogenesis.Objective:This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of biofilms in GAS pathogenesis. This review assesses the evidence of GAS biofilm formation, the role of GAS virulence factors in GAS biofilm formation, modelling GAS biofilms, and discusses the polymicrobial nature of biofilms in the oropharynx in relation to GAS.Conclusion:Further study is needed to improve the current understanding of GAS as both a monospecies biofilm, and as a member of a polymicrobial biofilm. Improved modelling of GAS biofilm formation in settings closely mimicking in vivo conditions will ensure that biofilms generated in the lab closely reflect those occurring during clinical infection.

scholarly journals The Exopolysaccharide of Xylella fastidiosa Is Essential for Biofilm Formation, Plant Virulence, and Vector Transmission

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 1044-1053 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Killiny ◽  
R. Hernandez Martinez ◽  
C. Korsi Dumenyo ◽  
D. A. Cooksey ◽  
R. P. P. Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Mutant Strains ◽  
Plant Movement

Exopolysaccharides (EPS) synthesized by plant-pathogenic bacteria are generally essential for virulence. The role of EPS produced by the vector-transmitted bacterium Xylella fastidiosa was investigated by knocking out two genes implicated in the EPS biosynthesis, gumD and gumH. Mutant strains were affected in growth characteristics in vitro, including adhesion to surfaces and biofilm formation. In addition, different assays were used to demonstrate that the mutant strains produced significantly less EPS compared with the wild type. Furthermore, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry showed that both mutant strains did not produce oligosaccharides. Biologically, the mutants were deficient in movement within plants, resulting in an avirulent phenotype. Additionally, mutant strains were affected in transmission by insects: they were very poorly transmitted by and retained within vectors. The gene expression profile indicated upregulation of genes implicated in cell-to-cell signaling and adhesins while downregulation in genes was required for within-plant movement in EPS-deficient strains. These results suggest an essential role for EPS in X. fastidiosa interactions with both plants and insects.

Stiffness signatures along early stages of Xylella fastidiosa biofilm formation

2017 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 174-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moniellen P. Monteiro ◽  
João H. Clerici ◽  
Prasana. K. Sahoo ◽  
Carlos L. Cesar ◽  
Alessandra A. de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Xylella Fastidiosa ◽  
Early Stages

scholarly journals Role of a Putative Polysaccharide Locus in Bordetella Biofilm Development

2006 ◽  
Vol 189 (3) ◽  
pp. 750-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gina Parise ◽  
Meenu Mishra ◽  
Yoshikane Itoh ◽  
Tony Romeo ◽  
Rajendar Deora
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽  
Glycosyl Hydrolase ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
Abiotic Surfaces ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Biofilm Development ◽  
Complex Architecture ◽  
Microscopic Techniques

ABSTRACT Bordetellae are gram-negative bacteria that colonize the respiratory tracts of animals and humans. We and others have recently shown that these bacteria are capable of living as sessile communities known as biofilms on a number of abiotic surfaces. During the biofilm mode of existence, bacteria produce one or more extracellular polymeric substances that function, in part, to hold the cells together and to a surface. There is little information on either the constituents of the biofilm matrix or the genetic basis of biofilm development by Bordetella spp. By utilizing immunoblot assays and by enzymatic hydrolysis using dispersin B (DspB), a glycosyl hydrolase that specifically cleaves the polysaccharide poly-β-1,6-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (poly-β-1,6-GlcNAc), we provide evidence for the production of poly-β-1,6-GlcNAc by various Bordetella species (Bordetella bronchiseptica, B. pertussis, and B. parapertussis) and its role in their biofilm development. We have investigated the role of a Bordetella locus, here designated bpsABCD, in biofilm formation. The bps (Bordetella polysaccharide) locus is homologous to several bacterial loci that are required for the production of poly-β-1,6-GlcNAc and have been implicated in bacterial biofilm formation. By utilizing multiple microscopic techniques to analyze biofilm formation under both static and hydrodynamic conditions, we demonstrate that the bps locus, although not essential at the initial stages of biofilm formation, contributes to the stability and the maintenance of the complex architecture of Bordetella biofilms.

Role of extracellular polymeric substances in biofilm formation by Pseudomonas stutzeri strain XL-2

2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (21-22) ◽  
pp. 9169-9180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Song Ding ◽  
Bin Zhao ◽  
Qiang An ◽  
Meng Tian ◽  
Jin Song Guo
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽  
Pseudomonas Stutzeri

Process Description of an Unconventional Biofilm Formation by Bacterial Cells Autoagglutinating Through Sticky, Long, and Peritrichate Nanofibers

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihide Furuichi ◽  
Shogo Yoshimoto ◽  
Tomohiro Inaba ◽  
Nobuhiko Nomura ◽  
Katsutoshi Hori
Keyword(s):  
Formation Process ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Dlvo Theory ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
Discontinuous Surface ◽  
Cell Cell

<p></p><p>Biofilms are used in environmental biotechnologies including waste treatment and environmentally friendly chemical production. Understanding the mechanisms of biofilm formation is essential to control microbial behavior and improve environmental biotechnologies. <i>Acinetobacter </i>sp. Tol 5 autoagglutinate through the interaction of the long, peritrichate nanofiber protein AtaA, a trimeric autotransporter adhesin. Using AtaA, without cell growth or the production of extracellular polymeric substances, Tol 5 cells quickly form an unconventional biofilm. In this study, we investigated the formation process of this unconventional biofilm, which started with cell–cell interactions, proceeded to cell clumping, and led to the formation of large cell aggregates. The cell–cell interaction was described by DLVO theory based on a new concept, which considers two independent interactions between two cell bodies and between two AtaA fiber tips forming a virtual discontinuous surface. If cell bodies cannot collide owing to an energy barrier at low ionic strengths but approach within the interactive distance of AtaA fibers, cells can agglutinate through their contact. Cell clumping proceeds following the cluster–cluster aggregation model, and an unconventional biofilm containing void spaces and a fractal nature develops. Understanding its formation process would extend the utilization of various types of biofilms, enhancing environmental biotechnologies.</p><p></p>

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