The impact of CCTV on fundamental rights and crime prevention strategies: The case of the Catalan Control Commission of Video surveillance Devices

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
José R. Agustina ◽  
Gemma Galdon Clavell
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Video Surveillance ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
The Impact

The Democratic Costs of Constitutionalization— The European Case

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Grimm
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
European Law ◽  
European Court ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

This chapter examines the democratic costs of constitutionalization by focusing on the European case. It first considers the interdependence of democracy and constitutionalism before discussing how constitutionalization can put democracy at risk. It then explores the tension between democracy and fundamental rights, the constitutionalization of the European treaties, and the European Court of Justice’s (ECJ) two separate judgments regarding the relationship between European law and national law. It also assesses the impact of the ECJ’s jurisprudence on democracy, especially in the area of economic integration. The chapter argues that the legitimacy problem the EU faces is caused in part by over-constitutionalization and that the remedy to this problem is re-politicization of decisions with significant political implications.

What's Left of the Law of Integration?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Baquero Cruz
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Structural Connections ◽  
The Law ◽  
Constitutional Pluralism ◽  
The Impact

This book discusses the impact of the difficult situation the European Union is currently going through on some structural elements of its legal order, looking for symptoms of decay, exploring examples of resistance, and assessing its overall state of health. The original choices made by the drafters of the Treaties and by the Court of Justice are put in their proper historical perspective, understanding Union law as a tool of civilization, and explaining its current problems, at least in part, as a consequence of the waning of the initial impetus behind integration. The concrete themes to be explored are the following: primacy, the national resistance to it and constitutional pluralism; the preliminary rulings procedure; Union citizenship, equality, and human dignity; the scope of the Charter and the standard of protection of fundamental rights; and the rigidity and fragmentation of the Union system in connection with the recent occasional use of international law as an alternative to Union law. The book looks at the development of the law throughout the decades, inevitably losing much detail, but hopefully also uncovering structural connections and continuities.

scholarly journals Autism Tsunami: the Impact of Rising Prevalence on the Societal Cost of Autism in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Blaxill ◽  
Toby Rogers ◽  
Cynthia Nevison
Keyword(s):  
Forecast Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Total Base ◽  
Cost Categories ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe cost of ASD in the U.S. is estimated using a forecast model that for the first time accounts for the true historical increase in ASD. Model inputs include ASD prevalence, census population projections, six cost categories, ten age brackets, inflation projections, and three future prevalence scenarios. Future ASD costs increase dramatically: total base-case costs of $223 (175–271) billion/year are estimated in 2020; $589 billion/year in 2030, $1.36 trillion/year in 2040, and $5.54 (4.29–6.78) trillion/year by 2060, with substantial potential savings through ASD prevention. Rising prevalence, the shift from child to adult-dominated costs, the transfer of costs from parents onto government, and the soaring total costs raise pressing policy questions and demand an urgent focus on prevention strategies.

scholarly journals WON-OCDMA System Based on MW-ZCC Codes for Applications in Optical Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 539
Author(s):  
Saleh Seyedzadeh ◽  
Andrew Agapiou ◽  
Majid Moghaddasi ◽  
Milan Dado ◽  
Ivan Glesk
Keyword(s):  
Optical Networks ◽  
Video Surveillance ◽  
Multiple Access ◽  
Optical Sensing ◽  
Multiple Access Interference ◽  
Service Differentiation ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Variable Weight ◽  
Code Division Multiple ◽  
The Impact

The growing demand for extensive and reliable structural health monitoring resulted in the development of advanced optical sensing systems (OSS) that in conjunction with wireless optical networks (WON) are capable of extending the reach of optical sensing to places where fibre provision is not feasible. To support this effort, the paper proposes a new type of a variable weight code called multiweight zero cross-correlation (MW-ZCC) code for its application in wireless optical networks based optical code division multiple access (WON-OCDMA). The code provides improved quality of service (QoS) and better support for simultaneous transmission of video surveillance, comms and sensor data by reducing the impact of multiple access interference (MAI). The MW-ZCC code’s power of two code-weight properties provide enhanced support for the needed service differentiation provisioning. The performance of this novel code has been studied by simulations. This investigation revealed that for a minimum allowable bit error rate of 10−3, 10−9 and 10−12 when supporting triple-play services (sensing, datacomms and video surveillance, respectively), the proposed WON-OCDMA using MW-ZCC codes could support up to 32 simultaneous services over transmission distances up to 32 km in the presence of moderate atmospheric turbulence.

scholarly journals Video surveillance methods to evaluate individual feeding response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum)—implications for feeding regime optimisation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Niclas Just ◽  
Bernd Köllner ◽  
Matthew James Slater
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Video Surveillance ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Feeding Regime ◽  
Daily Feeding ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
The Impact

AbstractPrecisely analysing and optimising feeding regimes is central to salmonid growth performance and delivery of special diets. The current study developed novel video surveillance methods and analysis techniques to assess individual feed intake and minimum pellet intake (MPI) in individually identified juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Three trials were conducted to test the impact of short-term starvation (N=112 [16 tanks, 7 fish per tank], average weight=27.1±3.4g, age= 119 days), portion numbers per feeding (N=105 [15 tanks, 7 fish per tank], average weight=22.8±2.1g, age= 99 days) and varied numbers of daily feeding events (N=84 [12 tanks, 7 fish per tank], average weight=32.4±3.3g, age= 133 days). All trails were carried out in a recirculating aquaculture system with 20 tanks held at 15 ± 0.5°C. All individuals were code-tagged and high quality video images were taken and analysed to identify all feeding interactions. Individual trout feeding activity under different feeding regimes could be precisely analysed with the video methods developed. Moving from one to two daily feeding events doubled pellet intake per fish from 27.4 ± 5.8 to 52.8 ± 11.5 pellets. Pellet intake (58.8 ± 24.2 pellets) did not increase at three daily feeding events but became more variable across fish. MPI nearly doubled to 30 pellets in fish receiving two daily feeding events (MPI30: chi-squared = 8.74, df = 2, p = 0.01). Short-term starvation had no influence on intake (28 ± 8 pellets/fish) or MPI. Increasing portion number from one (27.8 ± 7.4 pellets fish−1) to two (31.1 ± 7.4 pellets fish−1) or more did not significantly increase the number of ingested pellets. Adjusting the feeding regime by increasing daily feeding events to two, possibly combined with multiple portions, can increase pellet intake and reduce the heteroscedasticity of pellet intake. The methods presented in this study are viable for analysing feeding regimes for juvenile rainbow trout and controlled feedstock/supplement delivery. Implications for analyses with other species and for vaccination optimisation are discussed.

scholarly journals 1719. Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Hospitalization Rates among US Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S843-S843
Author(s):  
John M McLaughlin ◽  
Farid L Khan ◽  
Heinz-Josef Schmitt ◽  
Yasmeen Agosti ◽  
Luis Jodar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Administrative Claims ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Hospitalization Rates ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Understanding the true magnitude of infant respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) burden is critical for determining the potential public-health benefit of RSV prevention strategies. Although global reviews of infant RSV burden exist, none have summarized data from the United States or evaluated how RSV burden estimates are influenced by variations in study design. Methods We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of studies describing RSV-associated hospitalization rates among US infants. We also examined the impact of key study characteristics on these estimates. Results After review of 3058 articles through January 2020, we identified 25 studies with 31 unique estimates of RSV-associated hospitalization rates. Among US infants < 1 year of age, annual rates ranged from 8.4 to 40.8 per 1000 with a pooled rate= 19.4 (95%CI= 17.9–20.9). Study type was associated with RSV hospitalization rates (P =.003), with active surveillance studies having pooled rates per 1000 (11.1; 95%CI: 9.8–12.3) that were half that of studies based on administrative claims (21.4; 95%CI: 19.5–23.3) or modeling approaches (23.2; 95%CI: 20.2–26.2). Conclusion Applying the pooled rates identified in our review to the 2020 US birth cohort suggests that 73,680 to 86,020 RSV-associated infant hospitalizations occur each year. To date, public-health officials have used conservative estimates from active surveillance as the basis for defining US infant RSV burden. The full range of RSV-associated hospitalization rates identified in our review better characterizes the true RSV burden in infants and can better inform future evaluations of RSV prevention strategies. Disclosures John M. McLaughlin, PhD, Pfizer (Employee, Shareholder) Farid L. Khan, MPH, Pfizer (Employee, Shareholder) Heinz-Josef Schmitt, MD, Pfizer (Employee, Shareholder) Yasmeen Agosti, MD, Pfizer (Employee, Shareholder) Luis Jodar, PhD, Pfizer (Employee, Shareholder) Eric Simões, MD, Pfizer (Consultant, Research Grant or Support) David L. Swerdlow, MD, Pfizer (Employee, Shareholder)

scholarly journals The Emergence of Islamist Official and Unofficial Laws in the Erdoganist Turkey: The Case of Child Marriages

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 513
Author(s):  
Ihsan Yilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Legal Pluralism ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
The Social ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Turkish Family ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Age Of Marriage ◽  
The Impact

Religion in the hands of authoritarian governments can prove to be an effective political instrument to further their agenda. This paper attempts to explore this aspect of authoritarianism with the case of Turkish family laws under Erdoganist Islamist legal pluralism. The paper analyzes the AKP’s government’s attempts at pro-Islamist legislation, fatwas produced by Diyanet (Turkish Directorate of Religious Affairs) and by pro-government right-wing religious scholars to explore the changes that have occurred, both formally and informally, in the largely secular family laws of the Republic of Turkey in the last decade. By focusing on the age of marriage, this paper tries to understand the impact of Islamist legal pluralism and unofficial Islamist laws on the formal legal system as well as the social implications of this plural socio-legal reality, particularly for vulnerable groups such as the poor, refugees, children, and women. The trends demonstrate the informal system’s skew towards Islamism, patriarchy and disregard for fundamental rights. This Islamist legal plurality almost always operates against the women and underage girls, which creates profound individual and social problems. The paper concludes by pointing out the critical issues emerging in the domain of family law due to the link between the growing power of Islamist legal pluralism and its political instrumentalization by the Justice and Development Party (AKP).

The impact of cytomegalovirus serostatus of donor and recipient before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the era of antiviral prophylaxis and preemptive therapy

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 2003-2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Boeckh ◽  
W. Garrett Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ◽  
Stem Cell Transplantation ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Cell Transplantation ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Preemptive Therapy ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn the current era of effective prophylactic and preemptive therapy, cytomegalovirus (CMV) is now a rare cause of early mortality after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, the ultimate goal of completely eliminating the impact of CMV on survival remains elusive. Although the direct effects of CMV (ie, CMV pneumonia) have been largely eliminated, several recent cohort studies show that CMV-seropositive transplant recipients and seronegative recipients of a positive graft appear to have a persistent mortality disadvantage when compared with seronegative recipients with a seronegative donor. Recipients of T-cell–depleted allografts and/or transplants from unrelated or HLA-mismatched donors seem to be predominantly affected. Reasons likely include both incomplete prevention of direct and indirect or immunomodulatory effects of CMV as well as consequences of drug toxicities. The effect of donor CMV serostatus on outcome remains controversial. Large multicenter cohort studies are needed to better define the subgroups of seropositive patients that may benefit from intensified prevention strategies and to define the impact of CMV donor serostatus in the era of high-resolution HLA matching. Prevention strategies may require targeting both the direct and indirect effects of CMV infection by immunologic or antiviral drug strategies.

Cyber Place Management and Crime Prevention: The Effectiveness of Cybersecurity Awareness Training Against Phishing Attacks

2021 ◽  
pp. 104398622110016
Author(s):  
Sinchul Back ◽  
Rob T. Guerette
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Research University ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Large Body ◽  
The United States ◽  
Place Management ◽  
Online Setting ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Virtual Domain ◽  
The Impact

Criminologists and crime prevention practitioners recognize the importance of geographical places to crime activities and the role that place managers might play in effectively preventing crime. Indeed, over the past several decades, a large body of work has highlighted the tendency for crime to concentrate across an assortment of geographic areas, where place management tends to be absent or weak. Nevertheless, there has been a paucity of research evaluating place management strategies and cybercrime within the virtual domain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of place management techniques on reducing cybercrime incidents in an online setting. Using data derived from the information technology division of a large urban research university in the United States, this study evaluated the impact of an anti-phishing training program delivered to employees that sought to increase awareness and understanding of methods to better protect their “virtual places” from cybercrimes. Findings are discussed within the context of the broader crime and place literature.

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