The role of premotor cortex in action monitoring: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 533-534
Author(s):  
A. Salatino ◽  
A. Piedimonte ◽  
P. Sarasso ◽  
F. Garbarini ◽  
R. Ricci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Action Monitoring

Transcranial magnetic stimulation modulates left premotor cortex activity in facial expression recognition as a function of anxiety level

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Balconi ◽  
Ylenia Canavesio ◽  
Roberta Finocchiaro
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Facial Expression ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Anxiety Level ◽  
Anxiety State ◽  
High Anxiety ◽  
Prefrontal Area

AbstractRecognition of emotional facial expressions is based on simulation and mirroring processes, and the premotor cortex is supposed to support this simulation mechanism. The role of this prefrontal area in processing emotional faces with different valence (anger, fear, happiness and neutral) was explored taking into account the effect of the lateralization model (more right-side activation for negative emotions; more left-side activation for positive emotions) of face processing and anxiety level (high vs low). High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS, 10 Hz) was applied to the left prefrontal area to induce an increased activation response within the left premotor cortex. Twenty-nine subjects, who were divided into two different groups depending on their anxiety level (high/low anxiety; State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory (STAI), were asked to detect emotion / no emotion. Accuracy (AcI) and response times (RTs) were considered in response to the experimental conditions. A general significant increased performance was found in response to positive emotions in the case of left-side stimulation. Moreover, whereas high-anxiety subjects revealed a significant negative-valence bias in absence of stimulation, they showed a more significant AcI increasing and RTs decreasing in response to positive emotions in case of left premotor brain activation. The present results highlight the role of the premotor system for facial expression processing as a function of emotional type, supporting the existence of a valence-specific lateralized system within the prefrontal area. Finally, a sort of “restoring effect” induced by TMS was suggested for high-anxiety subjects.

Organization of Action Sequences and the Role of the Pre-SMA

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 978-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve W. Kennerley ◽  
K. Sakai ◽  
M.F.S. Rushworth
Keyword(s):  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Dorsal Premotor Cortex ◽  
Key Press ◽  
Action Sequences

To understand the contribution of the human presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) in sequential motor behavior, we performed a series of finger key-press experiments. Experiment 1 revealed that each subject had a spontaneous tendency to organize or “chunk” a long sequence into shorter components. We hypothesized that the pre-SMA might have a special role in initiating each chunk but not at other points during the sequence. Experiment 2 therefore examined the effect of 0.5-s, 10-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) directed over the pre-SMA. As hypothesized, performance was disrupted when rTMS was delivered over the pre-SMA at the beginning of the second chunk but not when it was delivered in the middle of a chunk. Contrary to the hypothesis, TMS did not disrupt sequence initiation. Experiments 3 and 4 examined whether the very first movement of a sequence could be disrupted under any circumstances. Pre-SMA TMS did disrupt the initiation of sequences but only when subjects had to switch between sequences and when the first movement of each sequence was not covertly instructed by a learned visuomotor association. In conjunction, the results suggest that for overlearned sequences the pre-SMA is primarily concerned with the initiation of a sequence or sequence chunk and the role of the pre-SMA in sequence initiation is only discerned when subjects must retrieve the sequence from memory as a superordinate set of movements without the aid of a visuomotor association. Control experiments revealed such effects were not present when rTMS was applied over the left dorsal premotor cortex.

scholarly journals Study of the role of the transcranial magnetic stimulation on language progress in autism spectrum disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed E. Darwish ◽  
Heba W. El-Beshlawy ◽  
Ehab S. Ramadan ◽  
Shimaa M. Serag
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Language Therapy ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Group I ◽  
Mild Improvement ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are almost universally delayed in the acquisition of spoken language as primary means of communication so they tend to have restricted outcomes in terms of independence and integration. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a promising, emerging tool for the study (study and modulate excitability and plasticity, applied in single pulses to investigate corticospinal excitability, pairs of pulses to study intracortical inhibition and facilitation) and potential treatment of ASD. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of repetitive TMS in language progress in children with ASD. Results There was a statistically significant clinical improvement in patients receiving active TMS (group I) comparing baseline Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) assessment and after treatment (P ≤ 0.05). There was mild improvement with no significant difference between the patients receiving active TMS (group I) and those of sham TMS (group II), and both groups received language therapy as regard post-treatment CARS. There was significant difference in improvement between the two groups according to eye contact (P ≤ 0.05). There was significant improvement in response to examiner (P ≤ 0.05). There was mild improvement with no statistically significant difference in attention between the two groups. There was significant difference in improvement between the two groups according to active expressive language. There was no statistically significant difference in passive vocabulary between the two groups. Conclusion Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over left inferior frontal gyrus may be a safe and effective way of improving language of ASD. The joint application of rTMS and standard language therapy may lead to more rapid improvement in the language progress of children with ASD.

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