scholarly journals Primary and Secondary Variants of Psychopathy in a Volunteer Sample Are Associated With Different Neurocognitive Mechanisms

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. 1013-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjun Sethi ◽  
Eamon McCrory ◽  
Vanessa Puetz ◽  
Ferdinand Hoffmann ◽  
Annchen R. Knodt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Variants

Are impairments in emotion recognition a core feature of callous–unemotional traits? Testing the primary versus secondary variants model in children

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark R. Dadds ◽  
Eva R. Kimonis ◽  
Olivia Schollar-Root ◽  
Caroline Moul ◽  
David J. Hawes
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Recognition ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Self Report ◽  
High Anxiety ◽  
Cu Traits ◽  
Callous Unemotional ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
Secondary Variants ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe role of environmental adversity in the development of high callous–unemotional (CU) traits in children is controversial. Evidence speaks to the traits being largely independent of adversity; however, recent data shows that those with high CU traits and high adversity and/or high anxiety might differ in important ways from those with no such history. We tested this using emotion recognition (ER) skills. We tested whether maltreatment history and anxiety levels moderated the relationship between level of CU traits and ER skills in N = 364 children with behavioral problems who were 3 to 16 years old. As hypothesised, in the full sample, the relationship between CU traits and ER differed according to maltreatment history, such that CU traits were associated with poorer recognition for those with zero or negligible history of maltreatment. This moderation of the CU-ER relationship by maltreatment was inconsistent across subgroups, however, and for the cohort utilizing youth self-report of maltreatment, high CU traits were associated with poor ER in those with lower anxiety levels. Maltreatment history and/or anxiety levels can identify different emotional impairments associated with high CU traits, and the impairments might be characteristic of “primary” high CU traits defined as occurring independently of maltreatment and/or high anxiety.

scholarly journals Secondary variants – in defense of a more fitting term in the incidental findings debate

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 1331-1334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabrielle M Christenhusz ◽  
Koenraad Devriendt ◽  
Kris Dierickx
Keyword(s):  
Incidental Findings ◽  
Secondary Variants

scholarly journals Distinguishing primary and secondary variants of callous-unemotional traits among adolescents in a clinic-referred sample.

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 966-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel E. Kahn ◽  
Paul J. Frick ◽  
Eric A. Youngstrom ◽  
Jennifer Kogos Youngstrom ◽  
Norah C. Feeny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Callous Unemotional ◽  
Callous Unemotional Traits ◽  
Unemotional Traits ◽  
Secondary Variants

Affective startle potentiation differentiates primary and secondary variants of juvenile psychopathy

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 1149-1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva R. Kimonis ◽  
Kostas A. Fanti ◽  
Natalie Goulter ◽  
Jason Hall
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Latent Profile Analysis ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Psychopathic Traits ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Cu Traits ◽  
Secondary Psychopathy ◽  
High Aggression ◽  
Secondary Variants ◽  
Startle Potentiation

AbstractIndividuals with psychopathic traits show an attenuated emotional response to aversive stimuli. However, recent evidence suggests heterogeneity in emotional reactivity among individuals with psychopathic or callous–unemotional (CU) traits in the identification of primary and secondary subtypes, or variants. We hypothesized that primary CU variants will respond with blunted affect to negatively valenced stimuli, whereas individuals with a history of childhood maltreatment, fitting with theoretical conceptualizations of secondary psychopathy, will display heightened emotional reactivity. To test this hypothesis, we examined fear-potentiated startle between CU variants while viewing aversive, pleasant, and neutral scenes. Two hundred thirty-eight incarcerated adolescent (M age = 16.8 years, SD = 1.11 years) boys completed a picture-startle paradigm and self-report questionnaires assessing CU traits, aggressive behavior, and maltreatment. Latent profile analysis of CU trait, aggression, and maltreatment scores identified four classes: primary psychopathy variants (high CU traits, high aggression, low maltreatment; n = 46), secondary psychopathy variants (high CU traits, high aggression, high maltreatment; n = 42), and two nonpsychopathic groups differentiated on maltreatment experience (n = 148). Primary CU variants displayed reduced startle potentiation to aversive images relative to control, maltreated, and also secondary variants that exhibited greater startle modulation. Findings add to a rapidly growing body of literature supporting the possibility of multiple developmental pathways to psychopathic traits (i.e., equifinality), and extend it by finding support for divergent potential biomarkers between primary and secondary CU variants.

Primary and secondary variants in immunoglobulin heavy chain production

Nature ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 264 (5585) ◽  
pp. 480-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
SAIJA KOSKIMIES ◽  
BARBARA K. BIRSHTEIN
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Chain ◽  
Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain ◽  
Secondary Variants

Primary and secondary variants of juvenile psychopathy differ in emotional processing

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 1091-1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva R. Kimonis ◽  
Paul J. Frick ◽  
Elizabeth Cauffman ◽  
Asha Goldweber ◽  
Jennifer Skeem
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Juvenile Psychopathy ◽  
Callous Unemotional ◽  
Callous Unemotional Traits ◽  
High Anxious ◽  
Unemotional Traits ◽  
History Of ◽  
Distress Cues ◽  
Secondary Variants

AbstractAccumulating research suggests that psychopathy can be disaggregated into low-anxious primary and high-anxious secondary variants, and this research may be important for understanding antisocial youths with callous–unemotional traits. Using model-based cluster analysis, the present study disaggregated 165 serious male adolescent offenders (M age = 16) with high scores on the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory into primary and secondary variants based on the presence of anxiety. The results indicated that the secondary, high-anxious variant was more likely to show a history of abuse and scored higher on measures of emotional and attentional problems. On a picture version of the dot-probe task, the low-anxious primary variant was not engaged by emotionally distressing pictures, whereas the high-anxious secondary variant was more attentive to such stimuli (Cohen d = 0.71). Although the two groups differed as hypothesized from one another, neither differed significantly in their emotional processing from a nonpsychopathic control group of offending youth (n = 208). These results are consistent with the possibility that the two variants of psychopathy, both of which were high on callous–unemotional traits, may have different etiological pathways, with the primary being more related to a deficit in the processing of distress cues in others and the secondary being more related to histories of abuse and emotional problems.

Primary and Secondary Variants of Psychopathy in Incarcerated Youth: An Investigation with a Focus on Social Anxiety

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Pedro Pechorro ◽  
Matt DeLisi ◽  
Joana Andrade ◽  
Rui Abrunhosa Gonçalves ◽  
Jorge Quintas
Keyword(s):  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Incarcerated Youth ◽  
Secondary Variants
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