scholarly journals Spatiotemporal analysis of category and target-related information processing in the brain during object detection

2019 ◽  
Vol 362 ◽  
pp. 224-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Karimi-Rouzbahani ◽  
Ehsan Vahab ◽  
Reza Ebrahimpour ◽  
Mohammad Bagher Menhaj
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Object Detection ◽  
Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽  
Related Information ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Analysis of Category and Target-related Information Processing in the Brain during Object Detection

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Karimi-Rouzbahani ◽  
Ehsan Vahab ◽  
Reza Ebrahimpour ◽  
Mohammad Bagher Menhaj
Keyword(s):  
Object Detection ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽  
Target Object ◽  
External Information ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Related Information ◽  
The Brain

AbstractTo recognize a target object, the brain implements strategies which involve a combination of externally sensory-driven and internally task-driven mechanisms. While several studies have suggested a role for frontal brain areas in enhancing task-related representations in visual cortices, especially the lateral-occipital cortex, they remained silent about the type of information transferred to visual areas. However, the recently developed method of representational causality analysis, allowed us to track the movement of different types of information in the brain. Accordingly, we designed an EEG object detection experiment and evaluated the spatiotemporal dynamics of category- and target-related information across the brain using. Results showed that the prefrontal area initiated the processing of target-related information. This information was then transferred to posterior brain areas during stimulus presentation to facilitate object detection and to direct the decision-making procedure. We also observed that, as compared to category-related information, the target-related information could predict the behavioral detection performance more accurately, suggesting the dominant representation of internal compared to external information in brain signals. These results provided new evidence about the role of prefrontal cortices in the processing of task-related information the brain during object detection.

scholarly journals Functional determinants of enhanced and depressed inter-areal information flow in NREM sleep between neuronal ensembles in rat cortex and hippocampus

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umberto Olcese ◽  
Jeroen J. Bos ◽  
Martin Vinck ◽  
Cyriel M.A. Pennartz
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Information Flow ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Transfer Entropy ◽  
Behavioral Task ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Spiking Activity

AbstractCompared to wakefulness, neuronal activity during non-REM sleep is characterized by a decreased ability to integrate information, but also by the re-emergence of task-related information patterns. To investigate the mechanisms underlying these seemingly opposing phenomena, we measured directed information flow by computing transfer entropy between neuronal spiking activity in three cortical regions and the hippocampus of rats across brain states. State-dependent information flow resulted to be jointly determined by the anatomical distance between neurons and by their functional specialization. We distinguished two regimes, operating at short and long time scales, respectively. From wakefulness to non-REM sleep, transfer entropy at short time scales increased for inter-areal connections between neurons showing behavioral task correlates. Conversely, transfer entropy at long time scales became stronger between non-task modulated neurons and weaker between task- modulated neurons. These results may explain how, during non-REM sleep, a global inter-areal disconnection is compatible with highly specific task-related information transfer.Author SummaryThe brain remains active during deep sleep, yet we still do not know which rules govern information processing between neurons across wakefulness and sleep. Here we provide a first study of how information flow at the level of spiking activity varies as a function of brain state, temporal scale, brain area and behavioral task correlates of single neurons. We found that inter-areal communication at millisecond time scales is enhanced during sleep compared to wakefulness between neurons that code for task information. Conversely, non-modulated neurons showed more prominent communication at longer time scales. These results indicate that multiple, functionally determined communicative architectures coexist in the brain, and provide a novel framework to understand information processing and its consequences during sleep.

Event-Related Potentials in Psychiatry: Approaches to Research and Clinical Applications

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Stampfer
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Clinical Methods ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Brain

This article suggests that the potential usefulness of event-related potentials in psychiatry has not been fully explored because of the limitations of various approaches to research adopted to date, and because the field is still undergoing rapid development. Newer approaches to data acquisition and methods of analysis, combined with closer co-operation between medical and physical scientists, will help to establish the practical application of these signals in psychiatric disorders and assist our understanding of psychophysiological information processing in the brain. Finally, it is suggested that psychiatrists should seek to understand these techniques and the data they generate, since they provide more direct access to measures of complex cerebral processes than current clinical methods.

Coding of Temporally Varying Signals in Networks of Spiking Neurons with Global Delayed Feedback

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 2139-2175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Masuda ◽  
Brent Doiron ◽  
André Longtin ◽  
Kazuyuki Aihara
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Stimulus Frequency ◽  
Spiking Neurons ◽  
Feedforward Networks ◽  
Dynamical Characteristics ◽  
Neural Activities ◽  
Inherent Frequency ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The Brain

Oscillatory and synchronized neural activities are commonly found in the brain, and evidence suggests that many of them are caused by global feedback. Their mechanisms and roles in information processing have been discussed often using purely feedforward networks or recurrent networks with constant inputs. On the other hand, real recurrent neural networks are abundant and continually receive information-rich inputs from the outside environment or other parts of the brain. We examine how feedforward networks of spiking neurons with delayed global feedback process information about temporally changing inputs. We show that the network behavior is more synchronous as well as more correlated with and phase-locked to the stimulus when the stimulus frequency is resonant with the inherent frequency of the neuron or that of the network oscillation generated by the feedback architecture. The two eigenmodes have distinct dynamical characteristics, which are supported by numerical simulations and by analytical arguments based on frequency response and bifurcation theory. This distinction is similar to the class I versus class II classification of single neurons according to the bifurcation from quiescence to periodic firing, and the two modes depend differently on system parameters. These two mechanisms may be associated with different types of information processing.

The Brain Stem Saccadic Burst Generator Encodes Gaze in Three-Dimensional Space

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 2602-2616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion R. Van Horn ◽  
Pierre A. Sylvestre ◽  
Kathleen E. Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
The Brain

When we look between objects located at different depths the horizontal movement of each eye is different from that of the other, yet temporally synchronized. Traditionally, a vergence-specific neuronal subsystem, independent from other oculomotor subsystems, has been thought to generate all eye movements in depth. However, recent studies have challenged this view by unmasking interactions between vergence and saccadic eye movements during disconjugate saccades. Here, we combined experimental and modeling approaches to address whether the premotor command to generate disconjugate saccades originates exclusively in “vergence centers.” We found that the brain stem burst generator, which is commonly assumed to drive only the conjugate component of eye movements, carries substantial vergence-related information during disconjugate saccades. Notably, facilitated vergence velocities during disconjugate saccades were synchronized with the burst onset of excitatory and inhibitory brain stem saccadic burst neurons (SBNs). Furthermore, the time-varying discharge properties of the majority of SBNs (>70%) preferentially encoded the dynamics of an individual eye during disconjugate saccades. When these experimental results were implemented into a computer-based simulation, to further evaluate the contribution of the saccadic burst generator in generating disconjugate saccades, we found that it carries all the vergence drive that is necessary to shape the activity of the abducens motoneurons to which it projects. Taken together, our results provide evidence that the premotor commands from the brain stem saccadic circuitry, to the target motoneurons, are sufficient to ensure the accurate control shifts of gaze in three dimensions.

scholarly journals Management of Mathematics Anxiety through Behaviour Modification, Super brain Yoga and JPMR in Ninth Standard Student

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Rajesh Ganesan ◽  
Pankaj Singh
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Mathematics Anxiety ◽  
Math Anxiety ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Progressive Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Hemispheric Dominance ◽  
Human Information Processing ◽  
Behaviour Modification ◽  
The Brain

Mathematics Anxiety is an irrational fear of Mathematics. Mathematics Anxiety is defined as “the presence of a syndrome of emotional reactions to arithmetic and mathematics” (Dreger & Aiken, 1957, p.344). It creates a feeling of tension, apprehension, or fear that interferes with performance in Mathematics and also results in ‘Mathematics-Avoidance’. Further, ‘Mathematics-Avoidance’ leads to less competency, exposure and practice of Mathematics, leaving students more anxious and mathematically, unprepared to achieve. Math anxiety is a learned response that inhibits cognitive performance in the math classroom. It is widespread among students from elementary age through college. Students suffering from math anxiety have difficulty performing calculations and maintaining a positive outlook on mathematics. Math anxiety is the result of a cycle of math avoidance that begins with negative experiences regarding mathematics. These students avoid Mathematic courses and tend to feel negative towards Mathematics and this also affects student’s overall confidence level. However, Behaviour Modification techniques have proven instruments that can reduce various types of anxieties and Super Brain Yoga for improving integration of the brain. This is a case study of a student of IX standard, Kendriya Vidalaya, Who was referred by his Mathematics teacher and parent complaining that the student becomes anxious whenever he encounters Mathematic problems. After taking Math autobiography it was revealed that the anxiety began due to harsh handling by father while teaching Mathematics. Students score in recent Mathematic exam was noted very low i.e 12/40. His Mathematics Anxiety was assessed by using Suri, Monroe and Koc’s (2012) short Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale. Student’s hemispheric dominance of the brain was measured by using Taggart and Torrance’s Human Information Processing Survey (1984). This student was treated with Behaviour Modification techniques and Super Brain Yoga for six weeks. Interventions used are: (i) Reduction of Rate of Breathing (Ganesan, 2012). (ii) Jacobson Progressive Muscle Relaxation (Jacobson, 1938) (iii) Laughter Technique (Ganesan, 2008b). (iv) Develpoment of Alternate Emotional Responses to the Threatening Stimulus (Ganesan, 2008a). (v) Super Brain Yoga (Sui, 2005). The anxiety level and performance in Mathematics exam was reassessed after six weeks. Results showed that Mathematics Anxiety was significantly reduced (60 to 20, 40%) and he performed better in the Mathematics exam (12/40 to 24/40, 30%). After reassessing student on Human Information Processing Survey by Taggart and Torrance (1984), it was found that student’s dominant information processing mode was ‘Integrated’ and this shows that Behaviour Modification techniques and Super Brain Yoga are efficient in treating Mathematics Anxiety.

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