Nematode communities on putting greens, fairways, and roughs of organic and conventional cool-season golf courses

2017 ◽  
Vol 121 ◽  
pp. 161-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisha Allan-Perkins ◽  
Daniel K. Manter ◽  
Robert Wick ◽  
Scott Ebdon ◽  
Geunhwa Jung
Keyword(s):  
Golf Courses ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Nematode Communities

Soil Microbial Communities on Roughs, Fairways, and Putting Greens of Cool‐Season Golf Courses

Crop Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 1753-1767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisha Allan‐Perkins ◽  
Daniel K. Manter ◽  
Geunhwa Jung
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Soil Microbial

Cool-Season Turfgrass Survival on Two Former Golf Courses in Michigan

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Garrison ◽  
John C. Stier ◽  
John N. Rogers ◽  
Alec R. Kowalewski
Keyword(s):  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Spotted Knapweed ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Herbaceous Dicots

AbstractMost turfgrass species have been listed as either invasive or potentially invasive species in the U.S., but few data exist to verify their invasiveness. Our objective was to determine cool-season turfgrass survival on two abandoned golf courses to assess their invasive potential in unmanaged sites. Maintenance operations ceased at Matheson Greens Golf Course in 2000 and at Four Winds Golf Course in 2003. The frequency and abundance of creeping bentgrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and fine fescues in quadrats placed along transects were recorded and compared to other cover such as herbaceous dicots and bare soil in 2005 and 2007. Turfgrasses at both courses were unable to maintain monocultures. All turfgrasses were nearly absent from Matheson Greens Golf Course 5 yr after maintenance operations ceased. At the Four Winds Golf Course site, creeping bentgrass comprised less than 25% cover on former putting greens by 2007, and was rarely found outside of the former putting green areas. Kentucky bluegrass cover ranged from 5 to 75% on the former fairways. Herbaceous dicots usually dominated the former turf areas at both sites, and included noxious weeds such as Canada thistle and invasive weeds such as spotted knapweed.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Distribution of QoI-Resistant Isolates of Colletotrichum cereale from Annual Bluegrass in California

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (12) ◽  
pp. 1536-1546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis P. Wong ◽  
Sharon L. Midland ◽  
Karla A. de la Cerda
Keyword(s):  
Golf Course ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Colletotrichum Graminicola ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Qoi Fungicides ◽  
Mitochondrial Cytochrome B ◽  
Colletotrichum Cereale ◽  
Important Disease ◽  
Qoi Resistance

Turfgrass anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum cereale (ex. Colletotrichum graminicola), is an important disease of turf used on golf course putting greens. Recent management of the disease has become increasingly difficult, partly due to the possible development of practical resistance to the QoI fungicides. In all, 558 single-conidia isolates of C. cereale were collected from 10 California golf courses, 8 of which had been exposed to QoI fungicides and 2 where no fungicides had been used. Isolates were tested using a mycelial expansion assay on azoxystrobinamended media. For the two nonexposed populations, in vitro 50% effective dose (ED50) values ranged from 0.0060 to 0.089 μg/ml. All isolates from the exposed populations could not be fully inhibited by doses of azoxystrobin as high as 8.0 μg/ml. A subset of these isolates were tested in vitro with the QoI fungicides pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin and found to be similar in response, indicating that these isolates were fully cross-resistant to all three fungicides. In greenhouse pot experiments, three isolates nonresponsive to QoI fungicides in vitro were not controlled by label rates of the fungicides. Spore germination assays also were examined; for 10 isolates identified as sensitive by mycelial expansion assays, ED50 values for axoystrobin ranged from 0.0040 to 0.0047 μg/ml; for 25 isolates identified as QoI-resistant, 93 to 100% of the conidia germinated at azoxystrobin concentrations as high as 8.0 μg/ml relative to the nonamended check treatments. Mitochondrial cytochrome b genes from a subset of 15 isolates (12 resistant and 3 sensitive) were partially cloned and sequenced; all resistant isolates had an alanine substitution that corresponded to position 143 of the gene product. These results indicate that QoI resistance is present in California populations of C. cereale and is contributing to the difficulty in controlling this disease.

scholarly journals Thiophanate-Methyl and Propiconazole Sensitivity in Sclerotinia homoeocarpa Populations from Golf Courses in Wisconsin and Massachusetts

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul L. Koch ◽  
Craig R. Grau ◽  
Young-Ki Jo ◽  
Geunhwa Jung
Keyword(s):  
Golf Course ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Sclerotinia Homoeocarpa ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Thiophanate Methyl ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Pathogen Populations

Management of dollar spot, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, is dependent upon repeated fungicide applications in intensively managed turfgrass such as golf course putting greens and fairways. Repeated fungicide applications could potentially select for fungicide-resistant isolates and result in a reduction of disease control. The objectives of this study were to determine the degree of S. homoeocarpa in vitro sensitivity to the fungicides thiophanate-methyl and propiconazole using isolates collected from golf course putting greens, fairways, and roughs; and to determine the relationships of golf course age and fungicide history to the frequency of fungicide-insensitive isolates within the population. More than 1,400 S. homoeocarpa isolates were collected from putting greens, fairways, and roughs at six Wisconsin golf courses and one Massachusetts golf course and subjected to in vitro fungicide sensitivity assays with single discriminatory concentrations of thiophanate-methyl and propiconazole. Five of seven pathogen populations from rough areas were not significantly different from one another in propiconazole sensitivity. These populations were collectively the most sensitive to both fungicides and therefore, served as baseline populations for comparison with fungicide-exposed populations from putting greens and fairways. Greater propiconazole insensitivity was observed in populations collected from fairways and putting greens that received more frequent applications of the fungicide than those isolated from the roughs. In nearly all the golf courses, the frequency of thiophanate-methyl insensitivity was higher among isolates of S. homoeocarpa collected from fairways than from roughs regardless of the age of the golf course or history of benzimidazole use. Thus, while the development of resistance to propiconazole can be predicted in part by the relative frequency of demethylation inhibitor fungicide applications, the occurrence of populations resistant to thiophanate-methyl appears to be unrelated to recent use of the benzimidazole class of fungicides.

Long-Term Roughstalk Bluegrass Control in Creeping Bentgrass Fairways

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 714-723
Author(s):  
Sandeep S. Rana ◽  
Shawn D. Askew
Keyword(s):  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetative Index

Methiozolin is an isoxazoline herbicide that selectively controls annual bluegrass in cool-season turf and may control roughstalk bluegrass, another weedyPoaspecies that is problematic in many turfgrass systems. However, the majority of research to date is limited to evaluating methiozolin efficacy for annual bluegrass control in creeping bentgrass putting greens. Research was conducted comparing various application regimes of methiozolin and other herbicides for long-term roughstalk bluegrass control in creeping bentgrass golf fairways. Methiozolin-only treatments did not injure creeping bentgrass or reduce normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) at 2 golf course locations based on 20 evaluation dates over a 2.5-yr period. The 2.5-yr average turf quality generally declined as roughstalk bluegrass control increased due to transient turf cover loss. At 1 yr after last treatment, methiozolin at 1500 g ai ha-1applied four times in fall reduced roughstalk bluegrass cover 85%. This was equivalent to methiozolin at 1000 g ha-1applied four times in fall, but greater than low rates of methiozolin applied four times in spring or twice in fall and spring. Amicarbazone, primisulfuron, and bispyribac-sodium alone either did not effectively reduce roughstalk bluegrass cover, or did so at the expense of increased creeping bentgrass injury. Results of this study suggest that methiozolin alone or tank-mixed with amicarbazone or primisulfuron is an effective long-term approach for selectively controlling roughstalk bluegrass in creeping bentgrass.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Metamifop for the Control of Common Bermudagrass

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 394-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Cooper ◽  
Leslie L. Beck ◽  
Chase M. Straw ◽  
Gerald M. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Potting Media ◽  
Sequential Treatments ◽  
Texas Tech University ◽  
Common Bermudagrass

Metamifop is a postemergence aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid herbicide used for the control of annual and perennial grass weeds in cereal crops and rice (Oryza sativa L.). Previous research observed creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) tolerance to applications of metamifop, suggesting utilization for the removal of encroaching bermudagrass (Cynodon Rich.) from creeping bentgrass putting greens with little to no phytotoxicity. Therefore, the objective of our research was to evaluate the efficacy of metamifop for common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] control in a greenhouse environment. Experiments were conducted at the Plant and Soil Science greenhouse facility at Texas Tech University in Lubbock in 2011 and 2012. ‘Riviera’ and ‘Savannah’ common bermudagrass were seeded at 218 lb/acre into 4-inch square pots containing a soilless potting media on 26 Aug. 2011 and 14 Nov. 2011. Pots were allowed to mature in the greenhouse over a 3-month period where they were maintained at a height of 0.25 inches. Herbicide treatments were applied on 1 Dec. 2011 and 8 Feb. 2012 and consisted of metamifop at 0.18, 0.27, 0.36, or 0.45 lb/acre. A sequential application of each treatment was made on 22 Dec. 2011 and 29 Feb. 2012. A nontreated control was included for comparison. Clipping ceased after initial herbicide treatment and pots produced biomass for 3 weeks. Biomass above 0.25 inch was removed from each pot, dried, and weighed. This procedure was conducted again 3 weeks after sequential treatments. The rate of metamifop required to reduce bermudagrass growth 50% (GR50) was calculated 3 and 6 weeks after initial treatment (WAIT). Visual ratings of percent bermudagrass control were recorded weekly on a scale of 0% (no control) to 100% (completely dead bermudagrass). As metamifop rate increased, bermudagrass biomass decreased. The calculated GR50 at 3 WAIT for ‘Savannah’ and ‘Riviera’ was 0.19 and 0.14 lb/acre, respectively. Nontreated control pots exhibited 0% control and produced 0.59 to 0.83 g of biomass at 3 WAIT, regardless of cultivar. Metamifop at 0.27 to 0.45 lb/acre exhibited 96% to 100% bermudagrass control at 3 WAIT, regardless of cultivar. Bermudagrass subjected to those same treatments only produced 0.01 to 0.03 g of biomass at 3 WAIT, regardless of cultivar. The 0.18-lb/acre rate of metamifop exhibited only 9% control of ‘Savannah’ bermudagrass with 0.72 g of biomass collected, while ‘Riviera’ was controlled 41% with 0.38 g of biomass collected. The calculated GR50 at 6 WAIT for ‘Savannah’ and ‘Riviera’ was 0.13 and 0.14 lb/acre, respectively. Sequential applications of metamifop at 0.27 to 0.45 lb/acre completely controlled bermudagrass (100%) at 6 WAIT, while a sequential application at 0.18 lb/acre only controlled bermudagrass 8% to 19% at 6 WAIT, regardless of cultivar. Bermudagrass subjected to 0.18 lb/acre exhibited 0.48 to 0.56 g of biomass at 6 WAIT, regardless of cultivar. Metamifop shows potential as an alternative control option for common bermudagrass present within cool-season turfgrass species.

scholarly journals Fairway Renovation with Fraise Mowing Cultivation and Dazomet Fumigation

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1222-1227
Author(s):  
Ryan C. Bearss ◽  
John N. Rogers ◽  
James R. Crum ◽  
Charles A. Silcox
Keyword(s):  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Surface Material ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Fixed Rate ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Opportune Time ◽  
Surface Disturbance ◽  
Rate Experiment ◽  
Native Soils

Renovation is an opportune time for golf courses to address annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) weed populations. Dazomet (tetrahydro-3,5-dimethyl-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione) is an effective fumigant, but without a tarp cover, it is only effective at the highest labeled rates. Fraise mowing cultivation could be used to help remove surface material and allow practitioners to effectively fumigate at lower rates. In Summer 2018 and Summer 2019, two cool-season fairway renovation experiments were conducted in East Lansing, MI. The objective of these experiments was to assess annual bluegrass control and creeping bentgrass establishment following dazomet applications to fraise mowed surfaces. In the first experiment (fraise mowing surface disturbance experiment), dazomet was applied at a fixed rate (294 kg·ha−1) to fraise mowed plots at varying levels of surface disturbance (0%, 15%, 50%, and 100%) to a depth of 1.9 cm. In the second experiment (dazomet rate experiment), fraise mowing removed 100% of surface material at a depth of 1.9 cm and dazomet was applied at five rates (0, 294, 588, 147 + 147, and 294 + 294 kg·ha−1). Both experiments were conducted on two soils (sand topdressed vs. native) and evaluated two methods of fumigant incorporation (solid-tine cultivation vs. tillage). Five days after treatments were applied, plots were seeded with ‘Pure Select’ creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). The level of fraise mowing surface disturbance had no effect on annual bluegrass emergence, and creeping bentgrass cover was poorest in native soils at the highest levels of surface disturbance. In the dazomet rate experiment, dazomet applied twice at 294 kg·ha−1 provided the most consistent control of annual bluegrass. With the exception to single applications of 294 in 2018, all dazomet treatments allowed for greater creeping bentgrass establishment than the nontreated control. Fraise mowing cultivation may simplify the removal of surface material from large areas; however, even when combined with dazomet applied at the highest rates, it fails to provide complete annual bluegrass control.

scholarly journals Fluopyram Controls Shoot-galling Caused by Pacific Shoot-gall Nematode and Improves Turf Quality in Annual Bluegrass Putting Greens

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 709-718
Author(s):  
Paweł Petelewicz ◽  
Paweł M. Orliński ◽  
Marco Schiavon ◽  
Manuel Mundo-Ocampo ◽  
J. Ole Becker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Alternative Product ◽  
Application Frequency ◽  
The Impact

Golf courses in coastal regions of northern California are often faced with severe injury caused by pacific shoot-gall nematodes (Anguina pacificae) on their annual bluegrass (Poa annua) host in putting greens. For years, fenamiphos was used for mitigating disease outbreaks until its registration was withdrawn in 2008. An alternative product containing azadirachtin was intended for nematode suppression. Still, it required repeated applications throughout the year with questionable efficacy, making attempts to lessen the impact of the pathogen costly. This study evaluated fluopyram as a novel nematicide for control of pacific shoot-gall disease. Various application frequencies and rates were tested at several golf courses affected by the nematode. Results revealed that fluopyram applied once at 0.22 lb/acre reduced the number of new shoot-galls and improved annual bluegrass appearance for several months. Increased rates and application frequency occasionally improved the efficacy further. Although the visual quality of turf treated with this plant protection compound was tremendously enhanced, and the number of new shoot-galls was reduced, rarely a significant effect was observed on the population density of several soil-dwelling plant-parasitic nematodes, including pacific shoot-gall nematode. It is hypothesized that fluopyram did not move significantly past the thatch layer and into the soil. However, it effectively reduced the ability of pacific shoot-gall nematode juveniles to induce new shoot galls. Due to its long half-life, it likely protected against both new nematode infections and dissemination of pacific shoot-gall nematode when the shoot-galls decomposed.

scholarly journals Hydraulic Fluid Type and Remediation Practices on Hydraulic Leak Injury to Creeping Bentgrass Putting Greens

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 941-945
Author(s):  
John E. Kaminski ◽  
Tim T. Lulis ◽  
Travis R. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Hydraulic Fluid ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Polyalkylene Glycol ◽  
Hydraulic Fluids ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Fluid Leak ◽  
Water Rinse

Equipment with hydraulic implements are often used to maintain turfgrass surfaces. Hydraulic implements can malfunction and lead to leaks or spills of hydraulic fluid, which is phytotoxic to turfgrass. Previous research has documented extensively hydraulic fluid injury on warm-season turfgrasses, but these effects have not been evaluated on cool-season grasses and warrant further investigation. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to compare phytotoxicity of petroleum, vegetable, and synthetic hydraulic fluids on a creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) putting green and to evaluate the influence of postapplication remediation practices on reducing turfgrass injury. Turfgrass injury was evaluated over a 4-week period in 2011 and 2012 after simulated hydraulic fluid leak and remediation practices were applied. Complete necrosis was observed after 28 days for all hydraulic fluid types. However, water rinse (RO) or detergent soap solution drench followed by brushing in/water rinse (SBR) remediation practices effectively eliminated turfgrass injury by the end of the 4-week period for synthetic polyalkylene glycol fluid treatments, but no other hydraulic fluid types. Turfgrass managers might consider the synthetic polyalkylene glycol hydraulic fluid tested in this study as a less phytotoxic alternative to petroleum hydraulic fluids if a remediation practice is implemented after a leak or spill.

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