Group IV Nanowires for Carbon-Free Energy Conversion

2018 ◽  
pp. 151-229
Author(s):  
Samik Mukherjee ◽  
Simone Assali ◽  
Oussama Moutanabbir
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Group Iv

Fe–N–C Electrocatalysts in the Oxygen and Nitrogen Cycles in Alkaline Media: The Role of Iron Carbide

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomer Y. Burshtein ◽  
Denial Aias ◽  
Jin Wang ◽  
Matan Sananis ◽  
Eliyahu M. Farber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Oxygen Reduction ◽  
Iron Carbide ◽  
Alkaline Media ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Nitrogen Cycles

Fe–N–C electrocatalysts hold a great promise for Pt-free energy conversion, driving the electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction and evolution, oxidation of nitrogen fuels, and reduction of N2, CO2, and NOx. Nevertheless,...

scholarly journals On the beneficent thickness of water

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 20190061 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Branscomb ◽  
M. J. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Anomalous Behaviour ◽  
Reciprocal Relations ◽  
Far From Equilibrium

In the 1930s, Lars Onsager published his famous ‘reciprocal relations’ describing free energy conversion processes. Importantly, these relations were derived on the assumption that the fluxes of the processes involved in the conversion were proportional to the forces (free energy gradients) driving them. For chemical reactions, however, this condition holds only for systems operating close to equilibrium—indeed very close; nominally requiring driving forces to be smaller than k B T . Fairly soon thereafter, however, it was quite inexplicably observed that in at least some biological conversions both the reciprocal relations and linear flux–force dependency appeared to be obeyed no matter how far from equilibrium the system was being driven. No successful explanation of how this ‘paradoxical’ behaviour could occur has emerged and it has remained a mystery. We here argue, however, that this anomalous behaviour is simply a gift of water, of its viscosity in particular; a gift, moreover, without which life almost certainly could not have emerged. And a gift whose appreciation we primarily owe to recent work by Prof. R. Dean Astumian who, as providence has kindly seen to it, was led to the relevant insights by the later work of Onsager himself.

scholarly journals Information-to-free-energy conversion: Utilizing thermal fluctuations

BIOPHYSICS ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (0) ◽  
pp. 107-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoichi Toyabe ◽  
Eiro Muneyuki
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Thermal Fluctuations

scholarly journals Energy Conversion in Bull Sperm Flagella

1969 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 782-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Rikmenspoel ◽  
Sandra Sinton ◽  
John J. Janick
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Antimycin A ◽  
Incubation Chamber ◽  
Bull Sperm ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Difference ◽  
At Will

With the use of a specially developed incubation chamber the rates of motility, respiration, and fructolysis were measured simultaneously on semen samples. By inhibiting the respiration with antimycin A, and/or the fructolysis with 2-deoxyglucose, the rates of each of the two ATP-producing pathways could be reduced independently. In this way the ratio of the amount of free energy produced by respiration and by fructolysis could be varied at will from 1 to 0. In uninhibited preparations approximately 75% of the free energy derives from respiration, and 25% from fructolysis. By the use of the absolute rates of respiration, fructolysis, and motility, the efficiency of the conversion of free energy into hydrodynamic work was calculated. After correction for the decay of the preparation during the experiment, this conversion efficiency was found to be 30–45% lower for free energy from respiration than for free energy from fructolysis. The difference in distribution of the enzymes for fructolysis and respiration over the flagellum was ruled out as the cause of the efficiency difference. The respiration could be 70% inhibited by oligomycin. It is concluded that approximately one-third of the free energy from respiration is used for maintenance of the mitochondria.

scholarly journals Free energy conversion in the LUCA: Quo vadis?

2014 ◽  
Vol 1837 (7) ◽  
pp. 982-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Lise Ducluzeau ◽  
Barbara Schoepp-Cothenet ◽  
Frauke Baymann ◽  
Michael J. Russell ◽  
Wolfgang Nitschke
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Quo Vadis

scholarly journals Evaluation of transport properties of biomembranes by means of Peusner network thermodynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kornelia M. Batko ◽  
Andrzej Ślęzak ◽  
Wiesław Pilis
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Transport Properties ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Energy Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Dissipated Energy ◽  
Energy Fluxes ◽  
Binary Solutions ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Resistance Coefficients

Purpose: The R version of the Kedem–Katchalsky–Peusner (KKP) network equations is one of the basic research tools for membrane transport. For binary solutions of non-electrolytes containing a solvent and one solute, these equations include the Peusner resistance coefficients. The aim of the study was to assess the transport properties of biomembranes on the basis of the concentration characteristics of the coefficients: resistance, coupling, energy conversion efficiency and degraded and free energy fluxes. Methods: The subject of the study were polymer biomembranes used as a membrane dressing (Bioprocess) and used in hemodialysis (Nephrophan, Ultra-flo) with the coefficients of hydraulic permeability (Lp), reflection (σ) and diffusion permeability (ω) for aqueous glucose solutions. The research method was the R version of the KKP network equations for binary solutions of non-electrolytes. Results: We developed a procedure for evaluation the transport properties of membranes. This procedure requires the calculation of the dependence of the following coefficients: Peusner resistance, Kedem–Caplan–Peusner coupling, Caplan–Peusner energy conversion efficiency, Peusner coupling, and the dissipated energy and free energy fluxes on the mean glucose concentration. Results show that the values of the Peusner resistance coefficients, the Kedem–Caplan–Peusner coupling, the Caplan–Peusner energy conversion efficiency, and the Peusner coupling depend on the mutual relationship between the coefficients Lp, σ, ω and C. In turn, the value of the dissipated energy and free energy fluxes it is also determined by the values of the volume and diffusion fluxes. Conclusions: The presented procedure for evaluation transport properties of membranes can be helpful in explaining the mechanisms of membrane transport and conducting energy analyzes of membrane processes. Therefore, this procedure can be used for selection of a suitable membrane for practical (eg., industrial or medical) applications.

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