Pursuing mechanisms of extracellular vesicle formation. Effects of sample processing

2020 ◽  
pp. 113-155
Author(s):  
Darja Božič ◽  
Matej Hočevar ◽  
Veno Kononenko ◽  
Marko Jeran ◽  
Urška Štibler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Vesicle Formation ◽  
Sample Processing

scholarly journals Extracellular vesicle formation mediated by local phosphatidylserine exposure promotes efficient cell extrusion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihito Kira ◽  
Machiko Murata ◽  
Keisuke Saito ◽  
Ichiko Tatsutomi ◽  
Izumi Hattori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Membrane Dynamics ◽  
Vesicle Formation ◽  
Cell Competition ◽  
Tissue Integrity ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
A Site ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Cell Extrusion

Abstract Numerous unwanted cells are removed from epithelial and endothelial tissues—in which cells are tightly connected to one another—without disturbing tissue integrity and homeostasis. Cell extrusion is a unique mode of cell removal from tissues, and it plays an important role in regulating cell numbers and the eliminating unwanted cells, such as apoptotic cells, cancer cells, and cells with a lower fitness in cell competition . During this process, cells delaminate from the cell layer, to which they initially used to adhere, through communication with the neighboring cells. Defects in cell extrusion are believed to associate with inflammation and cancer in epithelium as well as blood vessel dysfunction. However, the correlation between them has not yet been evaluated owing to a lack of knowledge of the underlying mechanisms. In particular, the process whereby the cell exit from the tissue remains to be elucidated. Here, we report a novel and conserved execution mechanism of cell extrusion—common to mammalian cells and Drosophila epithelia—i.e., spatiotemporally regulated extracellular vesicle formation in extruding cells at a site opposite to the direction of extrusion. Particularly, we found that a lipid-scramblase‒mediated local exposure of phosphatidylserine is responsible for extracellular vesicle formation and is crucial for the execution of cell extrusion, and inhibition of this process disrupted prompt cell delamination as well as tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, we revealed the mechanism underlying vesicle formation. Importantly, our results reveal that membrane dynamics is the driving force by a “rocket launch”-like mechanism behind the extrusion of cells from tissues, a fundamental cell behavior in multicellular organisms that is also observed in other contexts including cancer cell invasion and neural cell differentiation. Our understanding of this new mechanism of cell extrusion enables us to examine the relationship between cell extrusion abnormalities and the onset of various diseases.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicle Formation and Biosurfactant Production by Serratia marcescens

Microbiology ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 865-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Matsuyama ◽  
T. Murakami ◽  
M. Fujita ◽  
S. Fujita ◽  
I. Yano
Keyword(s):  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Biosurfactant Production ◽  
Vesicle Formation

scholarly journals Characterisation of the Ubiquitin-ESCRT pathway in Asgard archaea sheds new light on origins of membrane trafficking in eukaryotes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoyuki Hatano ◽  
Saravanan Palani ◽  
Dimitra Papatziamou ◽  
Diorge P. Souza ◽  
Ralf Salzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Vesicle Formation ◽  
Membrane Repair ◽  
Escrt Machinery ◽  
Viral Egress ◽  
Eukaryotic Origin ◽  
Genome Assemblies

SUMMARYThe ESCRT machinery performs a critical role in membrane remodelling events in all eukaryotic cells, including in membrane trafficking, membrane repair, cytokinetic abscission, in viral egress, and in the generation of extracellular vesicles. While the machinery is complex in modern day eukaryotes, where it comprises dozens of proteins, the system has simpler and more ancient origins. Indeed, homologues of ESCRT-III and the Vps4 ATPase, the proteins that execute the final membrane scission reaction, play analogous roles in cytokinesis and potentially in extracellular vesicle formation in TACK archaea where ESCRT-I and II homologues seem to be absent. Here, we explore the phylogeny, structure, and biochemistry of homologues of the ESCRT machinery and the associated ubiquitylation system found in genome assemblies of the recently discovered Asgard archaea. In these closest living prokaryotic relatives of eukaryotes, we provide evidence for the ESCRT-I and II sub-complexes being involved in the ubiquitin-directed recruitment of ESCRT-III,_as it is in eukaryotes. This analysis suggests a pre-eukaryotic origin for the Ub-coupled ESCRT system and a likely path of ESCRT evolution via a series of gene duplication and diversification events.

scholarly journals Where Do They Come from and Where Do They Go: Candidates for Regulating Extracellular Vesicle Formation in Fungi

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 9581-9603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Débora Oliveira ◽  
Juliana Rizzo ◽  
Luna Joffe ◽  
Rodrigo Godinho ◽  
Marcio Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Vesicle Formation

Thrombomodulin Regulates Platelet and Extracellular Vesicle Mediated Sterile Inflammation in the Placenta

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kohli ◽  
P. Markmeyer ◽  
F. Lochmann ◽  
M.M. Al-Dabet ◽  
S. Ranjan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Sterile Inflammation
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