Laminar segregation of odorant receptor expression in the olfactory epithelium

1996 ◽  
Vol 284 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Strotmann ◽  
Sidonie Konzelmann ◽  
Heinz Breer
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Odorant Receptor ◽  
Receptor Expression

scholarly journals Innate immune signaling in the olfactory epithelium reduces odorant receptor levels: modeling transient smell loss in COVID-19 patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Rodriguez ◽  
Luxiang Cao ◽  
Gregory T. Rickenbacher ◽  
Eric G. Benz ◽  
Colin Magdamo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Odorant Receptor ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
Odor Discrimination ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Odorant Receptors ◽  
Type I ◽  
Innate Immune Signaling ◽  
Leading Symptom

Post-infectious anosmias typically follow death of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) with a months-long recovery phase associated with parosmias. While profound anosmia is the leading symptom associated with COVID-19 infection, many patients regain olfactory function within days to weeks without distortions. Here, we demonstrate that sterile induction of anti-viral type I interferon signaling in the mouse olfactory epithelium is associated with diminished odor discrimination and reduced odor-evoked local field potentials. RNA levels of all class I, class II, and TAAR odorant receptors are markedly reduced in OSNs in a non-cell autonomous manner. We find that people infected with COVID-19 rate odors with lower intensities and have odor discrimination deficits relative to people that tested negative for COVID-19. Taken together, we propose that inflammatory-mediated loss of odorant receptor expression with preserved circuit integrity accounts for the profound anosmia and rapid recovery of olfactory function without parosmias caused by COVID-19.

Spatial segregation of odorant receptor expression in the mammalian olfactory epithelium

Cell ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Vassar ◽  
John Ngai ◽  
Richard Axel
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Odorant Receptor ◽  
Spatial Segregation ◽  
Receptor Expression

Spatially Organized Response Zones in Rat Olfactory Epithelium

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 1950-1962 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Scott ◽  
Donna E. Shannon ◽  
Jeff Charpentier ◽  
Lisa M. Davis ◽  
Craig Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Olfactory Receptor ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Response Distribution ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Four Electrodes

Scott, John W., Donna E. Shannon, Jeff Charpentier, Lisa M. Davis, and Craig Kaplan. Spatially organized response zones in rat olfactory epithelium. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1950–1962, 1997. Electroolfactogram recordings were made with a four-electrode assembly from the olfactory epithelium overlying the endoturbinate bones facing the nasal septum. In this study we tested whether odors of different chemical structures produce maximal responses along longitudinally oriented regions following the olfactory receptor gene expression zones described in the literature. The distribution of responses along the dorsal-to-ventral direction of this epithelium (i.e., across the expression zones) was tested in two types of experiments. In one, four electrodes were fixed along the dorsal-to-ventral axis of one turbinate bone. In the other, four electrodes were placed in corresponding positions on four turbinate bones and moved together up toward the top of the bone. These experiments compared the odorants limonene and α-terpinene, which are simple hydrocarbons, with carvone and menthone, which differ from the hydrocarbons by the presence of ketone groups. All responses were standardized to an amyl acetate or ethyl butyrate standard. The responses to limonene and α-terpinene were often larger for the ventral electrodes. The responses to carvone and menthone were largest for the dorsal electrodes. Intermediate electrodes gave responses that were intermediate in amplitude for these odors. The possibility that direction of air flow caused the observed response distributions was directly tested in experiments with odor nozzles placed in two positions. The relatively larger dorsal responses to carvone and relatively larger ventral responses to limonene were present despite odor nozzle position. We conclude that the responses to this set of odors vary systematically in a fashion parallel to the four gene expression zones. The odorant property that governs this response distribution may be related to the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups. Certain odors evoked larger responses at the intermediate electrode sites than at other sites. Cineole was the best example of this effect. This observation shows that not all oxygen-containing functional groups produce the same effect. Although we cannot exclude other possible mechanisms, these three response gradients may be produced by the four receptor expression zones described for many of the putative olfactory receptor genes. Therefore many of the receptors in each zone may share common properties. It remains to be determined whether this zonal input is significant in central odor processing. However, the correlation of odor chemical properties with the structure of receptor molecules in each zone may provide significant leads to structure-function relationships in vertebrate olfaction.

Topographic patterns of responsiveness to odorants in the rat olfactory epithelium

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mackay-Sim ◽  
S. Kesteven
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Nasal Septum ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Odorant Receptor ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Topographic Maps ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Receptor Proteins ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings ◽  
The Mean

1. Regional differences in odorant-induced responsiveness of the rat olfactory epithelium were measured via electrophysiological recordings [negative component of electro-olfactogram (Veog(-)) made from the surface of the olfactory epithelium on the nasal septum]. The nasal septum provided a flat surface from which multiple recordings could be made. 2. Veog(-)s were recorded from a standardized grid of 16 sites. This grid of recording sites extended over most of the surface of the olfactory epithelium on the nasal septum. 3. Twenty-one animals were tested for their responses to seven odorants. The animals were divided into three groups, each of which was tested with two different odorants plus amyl acetate, which provided a comparison between the groups. 4. For each odorant in each animal, topographic maps of relative responsiveness were derived to test whether odorants elicited different patterns of responses in the same individual. Topographic maps of responsiveness were derived also for the animal groups to test for the generality of the form of the maps for different odorants. Response latencies were also measured for each odorant at each recording site. 5. All individuals showed different topographic patterns of responses to the three test odorants. For most odorants, the location of the most responsive site was similar in all animals. In different animals the topographic maps for the same odorant were remarkably similar. Topographic maps for the odorants were all different from one another. 6. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that odorant quality is encoded in the differential spatial distribution of receptor cells whose differences in responsiveness appear to be distributed as a continuum across the epithelium. The results establish for a mammalian species what was previously reported in amphibians. These differences are presumed to be due to differential expression of odorant receptor proteins. 7. The mean response latency was 32 ms. This period was similar for all odorants, all animals, and all recording sites and was independent of Veog(-) amplitude. It is concluded that diffusion through the mucus contributed approximately 6 ms to the latency of onset of the responses to these odorants.

Expression of odorant receptor genes in the catfish olfactory epithelium

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Ngai ◽  
Andrew Chess ◽  
Michael M. Dowling ◽  
Richard Axel
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Odorant Receptor

The corepressor Atrophin specifies odorant receptor expression in Drosophila

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 1355-1364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liza Alkhori ◽  
Anita Öst ◽  
Mattias Alenius
Keyword(s):  
Odorant Receptor ◽  
Receptor Expression
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