Saturation mapping of a major gene for resistance to white pine blister rust in sugar pine

1998 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 1355-1360 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Harkins ◽  
◽  
P. A. Skaggs ◽  
A. D. Mix ◽  
G. E. Dupper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Gene ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Saturation Mapping

scholarly journals Evidence of Cytoplasmic Inheritance of Virulence in Cronartium ribicola to Major Gene Resistance in Sugar Pine

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 192-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohun B. Kinloch ◽  
Gayle E. Dupper
Keyword(s):  
Infection Type ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Cronartium Ribicola ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Mendelian Segregation ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Major Gene Resistance ◽  
Sugar Pine

Tests for Mendelian segregation of virulence and avirulence in Cronartium ribicola, causal agent of white pine blister rust, to a major gene (R) for resistance in sugar pine were made using haploid basidiospore progenies from single diploid telia as inoculum on resistant genotypes. The telia were sampled from a small deme in the Siskyou Mountains of northern California, where a few mature sugar pines known to be Rr genotypes had become infected after withstanding the chronic blister rust epidemic for several decades and where intermediate frequencies of virulence in the ambient basidiospore population were subsequently measured. Infection type on inoculated seedlings with R was qualitative: all progenies of 81 single telia tested over 3 different years were either virulent (compatible) or avirulent (inducing hypersensitive necrosis), never a mixture of both reactions. The complete absence of heterozygotes in the telia population is strong evidence that virulence is not controlled by a nuclear gene. The data are consistent with earlier tests showing that basidiospore inoculum derived from aeciospores isolated from infected Rr trees produced mostly (>90%) virulent reactions on R— seedlings. The evidence indicates that transmission of virulence is uniparental via the cytoplasm of aeciospores. Exchange of spermatia between haploid thalli does not appear to be involved.

scholarly journals Influence of Host Resistance on the Genetic Structure of the White Pine Blister Rust Fungus in the Western United States

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Richardson ◽  
N. B. Klopfenstein ◽  
P. J. Zambino ◽  
G. I. McDonald ◽  
B. W. Geils ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
North America ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Western United States ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Major Gene Resistance ◽  
Sugar Pine

Cronartium ribicola, the causal agent of white pine blister rust, has been devastating to five-needled white pines in North America since its introduction nearly a century ago. However, dynamic and complex interactions occur among C. ribicola, five-needled white pines, and the environment. To examine potential evolutionary influences on genetic structure and diversity of C. ribicola in western United States, population genetic analyses of C. ribicola were conducted using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) molecular markers. The fungus was sampled at six sites. Collections for two of the six sites were from separate plantings of resistant-selected western white pine and sugar pine. Heterozygosity based on polymorphic loci among populations ranged from 0.28 to 0.40, with resistant-selected plantations at the extremes. Genetic differentiation was also highest between these two populations. Principal coordinates analysis and Bayesian assignment placed most isolates that are putative carriers of virulence to major-gene resistance into a discernable cluster, while other isolates showed no clustering by site or host species. These results indicate that C. ribicola in western North America is not genetically uniform, despite its presumed single site of introduction and relatively brief residence. Moreover, major-gene resistance appears to have imposed strong selection on the rust, resulting in reduced genetic diversity. In contrast, no evidence of selection was observed in C. ribicola from hosts that exhibit only multigenic resistance.

Cotyledon test for major gene resistance to white pine blister rust in sugar pine

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (17) ◽  
pp. 1912-1914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohun B. Kinloch Jr. ◽  
Mardi Comstock
Keyword(s):  
Major Gene ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Major Gene Resistance ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

Major gene resistance (hypersensitivity) to white pine blister rust can be detected on cotyledons of inoculated sugar pine seedlings shortly after germination. The cotyledon test reduces the time required for evaluating resistant genotypes from a few years to a few weeks.

scholarly journals Genetic Specificity in the White Pine-Blister Rust Pathosystem

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohun B. Kinloch ◽  
Gayle E. Dupper
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Great Basin ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Mendelian Segregation ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Bristlecone Pine

Four of eight white pine species native to western North America surveyed for resistance to white pine blister rust by artificial inoculation showed classical hypersensitive reactions (HR) at frequencies ranging from very low to moderate. Mendelian segregation, indicating a single dominant allele for resistance (Cr3), was observed in southwestern white pine (Pinus strobiformis), as it was previously in sugar pine (P. lambertiana, Cr1) and western white pine (P. monticola, Cr2). HR was present at a relatively high frequency (19%) in one of five bulk seed lot sources of limber pine (P. flexilis), and was also presumed to be conditioned by a single gene locus, by analogy with the other three species. HR was not found in whitebark pine (P. albcaulis), Mexican white pine (P. ayacahuite), foxtail pine (P. balfouriana), or Great Basin bristlecone pine (P. longaeva), but population and sample sizes in these species may have been below the level of detection of alleles in low frequency. When challenged by (haploid) inocula from specific locations known to harbor virulence to Cr1 or Cr2, genotypes carrying these alleles and Cr3 reacted differentially, such that inoculum virulent to Cr1 was avirulent to Cr2, and inoculum virulent to Cr2 was avirulent to Cr1. Neither of these two inocula was capable of neutralizing Cr3. Although blister rust traditionally is considered an exotic disease in North America, these results, typical of classic gene-for-gene interactions, suggest that genetic memory of similar encounters in past epochs has been retained in this pathosystem.

White pine blister rust: hypersensitive resistance in sugar pine

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
pp. 1148-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohun B. Kinloch Jr. ◽  
Julia L. Littlefield
Keyword(s):  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Artificial Inoculation ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Hypersensitive Resistance ◽  
Pale Yellow ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Sib Families

Resistance to white pine blister rust in sugar pine is simply inherited and can be identified by distinct needle spot morphs. After artificial inoculation at 2 years of age, seedlings from selfed and full-sib families developed either 'fleck' spots, characterized by a pale, yellow margin with a necrotic fleck in the center, or they developed typical yellow or red spots (or both). Seedlings segregated for needle spot reaction in monohybrid ratios with fleck dominant. Mycelium in secondary needle tissues of fleck spots, in contrast to yellow and red spots, was relatively sparse and confined by dense tannin deposits. Bark infection and mortality was heavy on seedlings with yellow and red spots. On seedlings with fleck spots, no bark symptoms developed from secondary needle infection but small, abortive cankers did develop on some of these seedlings as a result of primary needle infection. These atypical cankers did not sporulate or spread extensively, and had healed by the 2nd year after inoculation. The gene responsible for the fleck reaction thus elicits a hypersensitive response in secondary needles and, apparently, in bark tissues as well.

scholarly journals Genetic mapping of Pinus flexilis major gene (Cr4) for resistance to white pine blister rust using transcriptome-based SNP genotyping

BMC Genomics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Jun Liu ◽  
Anna W. Schoettle ◽  
Richard A. Sniezko ◽  
Rona N. Sturrock ◽  
Arezoo Zamany ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Mapping ◽  
Major Gene ◽  
Snp Genotyping ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pinus Flexilis ◽  
Blister Rust

scholarly journals Genetic resistance to white pine blister rust in limber pine (Pinus flexilis): major gene resistance in a northern population

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1173-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Sniezko ◽  
Robert Danchok ◽  
Douglas P. Savin ◽  
Jun-Jun Liu ◽  
Angelia Kegley
Keyword(s):  
Major Gene ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pinus Flexilis ◽  
Limber Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Major Gene Resistance ◽  
The Status

Limber pine, Pinus flexilis E. James, a wide-ranging tree species in western North America, is highly susceptible to white pine blister rust (WPBR), caused by the non-native fungal pathogen Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch. The Canadian populations in particular have been heavily impacted, and in 2014, limber pine was designated endangered in Canada by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). Little is known about genetic resistance to WPBR in limber pine, but major gene resistance (MGR) has been characterized in some populations in the United States. This study examines resistance in seedling families from 13 parent trees from British Columbia, Alberta, and Oregon, representing the northern- and northwestern-most populations. Most families were susceptible, with 100% of the seedlings cankered, but one family from Alberta segregated 1:1 for cankered and canker free. This is the first report of (a) MGR in Canada of any of the four species of five-needle pines native to Canada and (b) any resistance in limber pine in Canadian populations and is the northernmost known incidence of putative R-gene resistance in a natural stand of any five-needle pine species. Many of the Canadian selections were from stands with high incidence of WPBR infection, and their high susceptibility in this trial suggests that further infection and mortality is likely in the Canadian populations.

White Pine Blister Rust: Simply Inherited Resistance in Sugar Pine

Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 167 (3915) ◽  
pp. 193-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. Kinloch ◽  
G. K. Parks ◽  
C. W. Fowler
Keyword(s):  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Sugar Pine

scholarly journals White Pine Blister Rust Resistance in Limber Pine: Evidence for a Major Gene

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Schoettle ◽  
R. A. Sniezko ◽  
A. Kegley ◽  
K. S. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Major Gene ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
R Gene ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Limber Pine ◽  
Blister Rust

Limber pine (Pinus flexilis) is being threatened by the lethal disease white pine blister rust caused by the non-native pathogen Cronartium ribicola. The types and frequencies of genetic resistance to the rust will likely determine the potential success of restoration or proactive measures. These first extensive inoculation trials using individual tree seed collections from >100 limber pine trees confirm that genetic segregation of a stem symptom-free trait to blister rust is consistent with inheritance by a single dominant resistance (R) gene, and the resistance allele appears to be distinct from the R allele in western white pine. Following previous conventions, we are naming the R gene for limber pine “Cr4.” The frequency of the Cr4 allele across healthy and recently invaded populations in the Southern Rocky Mountains was unexpectedly high (5.0%, ranging from 0 to 13.9%). Cr4 is in equilibrium, suggesting that it is not a product of a recent mutation and may have other adaptive significance within the species, possibly related to other abiotic or biotic stress factors. The identification of Cr4 in native populations of limber pine early in the invasion progress in this region provides useful information for predicting near-term impacts and structuring long-term management strategies.

Genetics of Cronartium ribicola. I. Axenic culture of haploid clones

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 456-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bohun B. Kinloch Jr. ◽  
Gayle E. Dupper
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Cronartium Ribicola ◽  
White Pine Blister Rust ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Blister Rust ◽  
Defined Media ◽  
Sugar Pine ◽  
Pure Lines

Genetically pure lines of the mononucleate (haploid) stage of Cronartium ribicola can be grown by isolating mycelium from single spots on infected white pine needles or by culturing single basidiospores on defined media preconditioned by cell-free diffusates of massed germinating basidiospores. Although growth is initially slow, cultures can be increased rapidly by alternately subculturing from solid to liquid media and back again indefinitely. The ability to culture pure haploid clones has important implications for studying the genetic structure and sexual behavior of rust populations and the nature of virulence. Keywords: white pine blister rust, sugar pine, virulence.

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