Changes in pancreatic trophism and gene expression during a prolonged fasting period in rats

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan L. lovanna ◽  
Nelson J. Dusetti ◽  
Maria B. Cadenas ◽  
Maria C. Mallmann ◽  
Ezequiel L. Calvo
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Prolonged Fasting ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Pancreatic Trophism

scholarly journals Store operated calcium entry in diabetic macrophages is reduced in fasting conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Lee ◽  
Eleni Beli ◽  
Chih-Chun Lee ◽  
Tatsuyoshi Kono ◽  
Carmella Evans-Molina
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Diabetic Complications ◽  
Calcium Entry ◽  
Intermittent Fasting ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Macrophage Response ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Store Operated Calcium Entry ◽  
Low Glucose

Background and Hypothesis:  In diabetic mice, intermittent fasting (IF) prevents diabetic complications by temporarily reducing inflammation during the fasting period. As calcium homeostasis is tightly connected to the inflammatory response, we hypothesize that IF regulates macrophage response by altering store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). SOCE, mediated by the STIM and ORAI families, is the primary form of calcium entry into the cell.  Experimental Design or Project Methods:  We assessed SOCE levels in control and diabetic (INS2Akita) mouse primary macrophages stimulated with a metabolic stimulus (MET: insulin, high glucose, palmitate) to mimic feeding and a starvation stimulus (STARVE: low glucose, low FBS, oleate) to mimic fasting. SOCE levels were measured by a Flexstation using Calcium-6 dye. We also assessed gene expression of SOCE components by RT-PCR and STIM1 and ORAI1 proteins by western blot.   Results:  A decrease in SOCE was observed with MET stimuli and an increase with STARVE stimuli in control macrophages. Interestingly, gene expression and protein levels of all major SOCE components, including STIM1 and ORAI1, were increased in the MET and decreased with STARVE. While diabetic macrophages had similar SOCE function than control under basal and MET conditions, they showed significantly downregulated SOCE under starvation conditions.  Conclusion and Potential Impact:  These data show that diabetic macrophages have altered SOCE function in response to fasting. This could have potential impact on how diabetic individuals respond to nutritional interventions such as IF that are recently proposed for prevention of diabetic complications.   

Effects of prolonged fasting on AMPK signaling, gene expression, and mitochondrial respiratory chain content in skeletal muscle from lean and obese individuals

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (9) ◽  
pp. E1012-E1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjolein A. Wijngaarden ◽  
Gerard C. van der Zon ◽  
Ko Willems van Dijk ◽  
Hanno Pijl ◽  
Bruno Guigas
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Respiratory Chain ◽  
Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Prolonged Fasting ◽  
Metabolic Gene Expression ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Metabolic Inflexibility ◽  
Mitochondrial Respiratory

Obesity in humans is often associated with metabolic inflexibility, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate how adaptation to prolonged fasting affects energy/nutrient-sensing pathways and metabolic gene expression in skeletal muscle from lean and obese individuals. Twelve lean and 14 nondiabetic obese subjects were fasted for 48 h. Whole body glucose/lipid oxidation rates were determined by indirect calorimetry, and blood and skeletal muscle biopsies were collected and analyzed. In response to fasting, body weight loss was similar in both groups, but the decrease in plasma insulin and leptin and the concomitant increase in growth hormone were significantly attenuated in obese subjects. The fasting-induced shift from glucose toward lipid oxidation was also severely blunted. At the molecular level, the expression of insulin receptor-β (IRβ) was lower in skeletal muscle from obese subjects at baseline, whereas the fasting-induced reductions in insulin signaling were similar in both groups. The protein expression of mitochondrial respiratory chain components, although not modified by fasting, was significantly reduced in obese subjects. Some minor differences in metabolic gene expression were observed at baseline and in response to fasting. Surprisingly, fasting reduced AMPK activity in lean but not in obese subjects, whereas the expression of AMPK subunits was not affected. We conclude that whole body metabolic inflexibility in response to prolonged fasting in obese humans is associated with lower skeletal muscle IRβ and mitochondrial respiratory chain content as well as a blunted decline of AMPK activity.

Prolonged fasting significantly changes nutrient oxidation and glucose tolerance after a normal mixed meal

2001 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy J. Horton ◽  
James O. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Carbohydrate Oxidation ◽  
Prolonged Fasting ◽  
Mixed Meal ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Postprandial Metabolism ◽  
Prolonged Fast ◽  
G 12

The aim of this study was to establish the experimental paradigm of fasting, followed by refeeding, to investigate individual differences in nutrient partitioning. Eight nonobese men were fed a normal meal (25% of daily energy requirements) on two occasions, after an overnight (13-h) fast and after a prolonged (72-h) fast. During the entire fasting period, subjects were resident in a whole room indirect calorimeter, and blood samples were drawn periodically. Because no other food was consumed over the 12 h after either meal, negative energy balance was observed after the overnight and prolonged fast. Postprandial carbohydrate oxidation was significantly reduced after the 72- vs. 13-h fast ( P < 0.0001), whereas fat oxidation was significantly increased ( P < 0.0001). Interestingly, carbohydrate balance was positive after the prolonged fast but negative after the overnight fast (24 ± 17 vs. −57 ± 16 g/12 h, respectively; P < 0.001), whereas fat balance was negative under both conditions (−78 ± 7 vs. −47 ± 8 g/12 h, respectively; P < 0.002). With 72 h of fasting, the glucose and insulin excursions in response to the mixed meal were significantly greater compared with the 13-h fast ( P < 0.001). In conclusion, prolonged fasting resulted in a significant decrease in carbohydrate oxidation and an increase in fat oxidation, after a normal mixed meal, in healthy men. This was associated with a significant decrease in glucose tolerance. Because circulating free fatty acids were greatly elevated at all times after the prolonged fast, these may be mediating some of the changes in postprandial metabolism.

scholarly journals Effects of Short Transport and Prolonged Fasting in Beef Calves

Animals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviana Bravo ◽  
Carmen Gallo ◽  
Gerardo Acosta-Jamett
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Tympanic Temperature ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Prolonged Fasting ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Transportation Times ◽  
Blood Variables ◽  
Eye Temperature

Marketing is a stressful process for beef calves, because they are removed from their environment, often weaned just before loading, loaded, transported, and unloaded. It also involves extended periods without food and water and mixing with unfamiliar animals in an unknown environment. Some studies have shown that calves sold through markets are exposed to extended fasting periods even when they undergo only short transportation times. The aim of this controlled study was to determine the consequences for beef calves of a short transportation time followed by a prolonged time without food and water on their tympanic temperature (TT), maximum eye temperature (MET), blood variables related to stress, and live weight. Ten calves were transported for 3 h and then kept in an outdoor pen for 21 h, completing a 24 h fasting period. Sampling took place before loading, after transport and unloading, and then after completing 24 h without food and water. TT, MET, blood glucose, and creatine kinase (CK) increased significantly after transportation. Live weight decreased across sample times (mean of 10 kg per calf after 24 h of fasting), which was consistent with the higher concentration of β-HB found after fasting. Further studies to measure the actual consequences of true, commercial marketing on calf welfare and productivity are needed.

scholarly journals The α-glucosidase inhibitor miglitol suppresses postprandial hyperglycaemia and interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α gene expression in rat peripheral leucocytes induced by intermittent sucrose loading

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutaro Tanaka ◽  
Kazuki Mochizuki ◽  
Nanae Fukaya ◽  
Masaya Shimada ◽  
Toshinao Goda
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Postprandial Hyperglycaemia ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Glucosidase Inhibitor ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Sucrose Loading ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Gene Expression Levels

Postprandial hyperglycaemia is thought to increase inflammation in leucocytes. In the present study, we examined whether sucrose loading in rats with moderate postprandial hyperglycaemia induces the expression of cytokines in peripheral leucocytes and whether these inductions are suppressed by inhibiting postprandial hyperglycaemia with the α-glucosidase inhibitor miglitol. One group of streptozotocin-treated rats and age-matched saline-treated rats were orally administered sucrose only, and another group of streptozotocin-treated rats was administered sucrose with miglitol, at a single daily dose for 4 d, under 4 h fasting conditions. Blood glucose levels at 0, 0·25, 0·5, 1, 2 and 3 h and cytokine mRNA in peripheral leucocytes at 0 and 3 h after sucrose loading on days 1 and 4 from the start of sucrose loading were determined. Streptozotocin-treated rats showed moderate postprandial hyperglycaemia (>2000 mg/l) at 0·25–1 h after sucrose loading on days 1 and 4. Postprandial hyperglycaemia was not observed in the miglitol-treated rats loaded with sucrose. Gene expression levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were higher in the streptozotocin-treated rats at fasting on day 1 than in saline-treated rats. Fasting IL-1β and TNF-α gene expression on day 1 were not only increased at 3 h on the same day of sucrose loading, but was also increased at the fasting period on day 4. These inductions on day 4 by intermittent sucrose administration were inhibited by miglitol. The present results suggest that miglitol decreases postprandial hyperglycaemia and intermittent sucrose-induced expression of the IL-1β and TNF-α genes in rat peripheral leucocytes.

Management of young goats during prolonged fasting affects carcass characteristics but not pre-slaughter liveweight or cortisol

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 533 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Greenwood ◽  
J. A. Finn ◽  
T. J. May ◽  
P. J. Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Prolonged Fasting ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Further Development

Effects of pre-slaughter management (72 h continual fasting; 24 h feeding within 72 h fasting; 24 h feeding plus 6 h additional transport within 72 h fasting) and of water availability, gender, weaning 3 weeks before slaughter, initial liveweight (LW) and body condition score (CS) on LW, plasma cortisol and carcass characteristics were studied in young goats. The goats (n = 229) were ~16 weeks of age, with a mean ± s.d. LW of 13.7 ± 2.4 kg. Pre-slaughter treatment did not significantly affect LW or carcass weight at slaughter, but goats fed within the fasting period had lighter-coloured meat compared with the continually fasted goats and the goats fed and transported during the fasting period. Interactions between fasting treatment and gender were evident for hot carcass weight (HCW), retail yield (kg) and dress (% pre-fasting LW). Fasting treatment also interacted with water availability for HCW and with weaning status for GR (12th rib, 110 mm from mid-line) tissue depth. Interactions were evident between gender and water availability for LW at slaughter, and between gender and weaning status for retail yield (% HCW). Weaning status interacted with pre-fasting LW to influence LW at slaughter, and fasting treatment interacted with pre-fasting body CS to influence dress (% pre-slaughter LW). The effects of gender, weaning status, water availability, initial LW and CS on the pre-slaughter LW and carcass characteristics were generally consistent with our previous findings on time off feed. The results show benefits of providing high-quality feed and water and of minimising transport of goat kids during prolonged pre-slaughter fasting. They provide additional information for estimation of carcass characteristics of young goats to be marketed for meat and to aid in the further development of welfare standards for goats. Further research on interactions between gender and pre-slaughter management factors that influence goat carcass characteristics and meat quality is warranted.

scholarly journals Impact of a Single 36 Hours Prolonged Fasting Period in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes – A Cross-Over Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Othmar Moser ◽  
Max L. Eckstein ◽  
Alexander Mueller ◽  
Norbert J. Tripolt ◽  
Hakan Yildirim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Prolonged Fasting ◽  
Fasting Period

Prolonged fasting has shown beneficial effects in healthy individuals and in people with chronic diseases. In type 1 diabetes, the effect or even the feasibility of fasting is unclear. We aimed to assess the impact and safety of prolonged fasting in adults with type 1 diabetes. Glycemia was assessed during overnight fasting (12 hours) vs. prolonged fasting (36 hours) via an intermittently-scanned continuous glucose monitoring system. Anthropometric data, metabolic and hormonal markers were compared between both trial arms. After each fasting period, a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test was performed and plasma glucose levels and hormones were assessed. Data were compared via paired t-tests and mixed-model regressions (p ≤ 0.05). Twenty individuals with type 1 diabetes (7 females) with a mean ± SD age of 35 ± 11 years, body mass index (BMI) 24.8 ± 2.8 kg/m2 and HbA1c 54 ± 7 mmol/mol were included. Hypoglycemia/hour (70 mg/dL; &lt;3.9 mmol/L) was similar in both trial arms (12 hrs: 0.07 ± 0.06 vs. 36 hrs: 0.05 ± 0.03, p=0.21). Glycemic excursions during the oral glucose tolerance test were not different after the two fasting periods. Beta-hydroxybutyrate levels were higher after prolonged fasting (p=0.0006). Our study showed that people with type 1 diabetes can safely perform a 36 hours fasting period with a low risk of hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis.Clinical Trial RegistrationDRKS.de, identifier DRKS00016148.

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