Changes in Equal Employment Enforcement: What Enforcement Statistics Tell Us

1986 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Lynn C. Burbridge
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Reagan Administration ◽  
Budget Cuts ◽  
Equal Employment ◽  
Identifiable Victims

The Reagan administration has been accused of setting back civil rights enforcement. This article reviews available data on the administration's enforcement efforts and discusses changes in emphasis, tone, and types of cases pursued. An emphasis on identifiable victims and a movement away from more punitive measures is apparent. Moreover, the large budget cuts and the administration's antipathy to goals and timetables raise questions concerning the “quality” of enforcement.

scholarly journals Patterson v. McLean: A Confirmation of the New Right at the U.S. Supreme Court

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 987-1009
Author(s):  
George M. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Reagan Administration ◽  
Ronald Reagan ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Elections ◽  
Presidential Appointments ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

In two consecutive national elections a conservative, Ronald Reagan, was elected President of the United States. When Justice Lewis Powell announced his retirement during the late months of the Reagan administration, it was apparent that the President's last appointment could shift the ideology of the Court to conservatism for the first time since the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower. President Reagan's prior appointments, Sandra Day O'Connor and Antonin Scalia, had joined William Rehnquist, an appointee of President Nixon and Bryon White, an appointee of President Kennedy to comprise a vociferous minority of four in many instances, especially cases involving civil rights. The unexpected opportunity for the appointment of a conservative jurist caused great anxiety in the media and in the U.S. Senate, the later having confirmation power over presidential appointments to the Supreme Court. This article examines the consequences of the Senate's confirmation of Justice Anthony Kennedy to the Supreme Court. The impact, which was immediate and dramatic, indicates that conservative ideology will predominate on major civil rights issues for the remainder of this century.

scholarly journals THE CORRELATION OF THE CATEGORIES OF “QUALITY” AND “SAFETY” OF PRODUCTS

2019 ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
T.V. Malanchuk ◽  
E.A. Zaitsev
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Product Safety ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
State Supervision ◽  
Safety Features ◽  
And Control

The article analyzes the complex state of the modern legislative regulation of quality and product safety issues in the context of ensuring consumers’ rights to the proper quality of goods (works, services). It is stated that in view of the variety of different properties that make up the notion of quality, the most important are the defects, which are capable of damaging the life, health, or property of the consumer, that is, the defects, which indicate that the goods are dangerous. The safety of goods works, and services as a legal category are of particular importance and is one of the functions of the state to ensure public safety. State measures of influence on manufacturers and sellers of goods, persons who perform work and provide services should be aimed at ensuring the protection of fundamental civil rights. In most cases, these are imperative requirements for safety, which are approved by special legal acts, as well as measures of state supervision and control to ensure the safety of manufactured goods, works, and services. The legislator, when defining security, uses the term “safety of goods (works, services)”, but it would be advisable to carry out graduation of these concepts since the safety of goods is a state of goods that allows it to be sold, used, stored, transported, disposed of without harm for life, health, the property of the consumer and the environment in normal conditions, and the safety of works and services is the quality of protection of the legal rights of the consumer in carrying out the activities of persons who perform work and provide services, danger to life, health, the property should not manifest itself either in their implementation and providing or later. It is noted that quality requirements should be made mandatory when designing production specifications. It is stated that in order to ensure the effectiveness of legal regulation, the safety of a product, work, or service must be considered as a full-fledged property within the legal notion of quality. It is concluded that product safety is an integral feature of any product, work, and service, acting as an integral element of the quality category. Lack of safety features indicates that the product is of poor quality. Keywords: quality, safety, proper quality, improper quality, specifications, consumers.

scholarly journals SEPARATION OF POWERS BETWEEN PROSECUTOR AND THE HEAD OF THE INVESTIGATIVE BODY

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 760-779
Author(s):  
Nikita V. Babich
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Current Concept ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Individual Concepts ◽  
Systemic Problems

Problems related to the delimitation of powers between the prosecutor and the head of the investigating body, as well as ways to resolve them, are in the constant focus of attention of representatives of legal science. The concept and model of differentiation of powers between such participants in criminal proceedings that was introduced in 2007, has led to serious problems, which are expressed in: - decrease in the quality of prosecutorial supervision of the preliminary investigation body in order to protect human and civil rights and freedoms at the stage of preliminary investigation; - lack of procedural independence of the investigator, priority of interdepartmental control over prosecutorial supervision; - duplication of prosecutors supervision; - large accusatory bias of the court, prosecution and investigation body and others. The negative side of such problems is that the rights and freedoms of man and citizen are violated in the first place at all stages of criminal proceedings. In this regard, the properly organized delineation of powers and functions between the prosecutor and the head of the investigating body will be standard for ensuring the rule of law; it will contribute to the fight against crime and speedy preliminary investigation in order to create the court basis to reduce the cases of incorrect court decision. The purpose of the scientific article is to analyze the provisions of the current concept and models of separation of powers between the prosecutor and the head of the investigating body, identify the main systemic problems in this area and formulate proposals for their elimination. To achieve this goal, the scientific article explores the features and problems of individual concepts and models for their implementation in organizing activities of prosecution body and preliminary investigation bodies to delimit the powers between the prosecutor and the head of the investigating body. In a scientific article, the author came to the conclusion that reforming the current concept and model of separation of powers between the prosecutor and the head of the investigating body in order to eliminate significant problems is not possible without a reform. A return to previous concepts and models is also unacceptable due to historical experience of their application. The necessity of reforming the foundations of the entire law enforcement system of criminal justice body as a whole and reviewing the legal status of the prosecutor at all stages of criminal proceedings is noted.

The Gates of Opportunity

2019 ◽  
pp. 206-218
Author(s):  
Eric Fenrich
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Equal Employment Opportunity ◽  
Employment Opportunity ◽  
Space Program ◽  
Primary Methods ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Equal Employment ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Disadvantaged People

Eric Fenrich studies the efforts of Black activists and NASA to increase minority educational access that would lead to greater participation in the space program. According to Fenrich, the concurrence of the civil rights movement and the American space program reveal the two primary methods by which the advocates in the modern era have sought to advance the interests of African Americans. First, a negative project: the removal of formal barriers to the exercise of rights, more specifically, ending discriminatory practices in Equal Employment Opportunity and education. Second, more positive efforts, such as equal employment opportunities or affirmative action, that place opportunities within the reach of historically disadvantaged people. Fenrich also examines the fallout over James C. Fletcher’s firing of Ruth Bates Harris.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
pp. 225-230
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Public Housing ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
American Exceptionalism ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Recognition ◽  
The 1960S

The conclusion highlights Gloria Richardson’s increasing public recognition for her human rights activism in Cambridge, Maryland, during the 1960s and her place in civil rights and Black Power histories. Also discussed are her views on some current social issues, including the Cambridge city government’s privatization of the public housing units she and other activists fought to get built. Richardson sees this as an example of government’s abrogation of its responsibility to serve and protect residents and politicians’ use of their power to undermine communities’ quality of life. She also shares her concerns about President Donald J. Trump. Although he presents himself as an authoritarian politician, his supporters either cannot or will not acknowledge this because they believe in the myth of American exceptionalism. Richardson argues that today’s activists must use creative tactics—including the strategic use of the vote—to resist the countless ways governments at all levels try to limit and restrict people’s freedoms and liberties.

scholarly journals Private school investments and inequalities: negotiating the future in transnational Dakar

Africa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amélie Grysole
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Private School ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Budget Cuts ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Neoliberal Reform ◽  
Educational Investments ◽  
The World ◽  
Elementary Public Schools

AbstractAs in many parts of the world, the school system in Senegal has suffered from state budget cuts associated with structural adjustment and neoliberal reform in the 1980s. As a result, the quality of elementary public schools has been compromised; meanwhile a significant private sector developed. This article analyses the proliferation of private schools in Dakar and the ways in which Senegalese parents navigate the multiplicity of school types (French, Franco-Arabic or Franco-English, Catholic or secular), to understand how families struggle to ensure their social and material reproduction in a neoliberal economy. I suggest that educational investments are situated at the intersection of global and intra-family inequalities. International migration has made global inequalities apparent within and between Senegalese families, who are unequally positioned depending on whether they include members living abroad.

Brazilian Women's Filmmaking

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie L. Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Female Sexuality ◽  
Women's Movements ◽  
Women Filmmakers ◽  
Film Production ◽  
Women Directors ◽  
Latin American Film ◽  
Women's Film

At most recent count, there are no fewer than forty-five women in Brazil directing or codirecting feature-length fiction or documentary films. In the early 1990s, women filmmakers in Brazil were credited for being at the forefront of the rebirth of filmmaking, or retomada, after the abolition of the state film agency and subsequent standstill of film production. Despite their numbers and success, films by Brazilian women directors are generally absent from discussions of Latin American film and published scholarly works. Filling this void, this book focuses on women's film production in Brazil from the mid-1970s to the current era. The book explains how women's filmmaking contributed to the reformulation of sexual, cultural, and political citizenship during Brazil's fight for the return and expansion of civil rights during the 1970s and 1980s and the recent questioning of the quality of democracy in the 1990s and 2000s. It interprets key films by Ana Carolina and Tizuka Yamasaki, documentaries with social themes, and independent videos supported by archival research and extensive interviews with Brazilian women filmmakers. Despite changes in production contexts, recent Brazilian women's films have furthered feminist debates regarding citizenship while raising concerns about the quality of the emergent democracy. This book offers a unique view of how women's audiovisual production has intersected with the reconfigurations of gender and female sexuality put forth by the women's movements in Brazil and continuing demands for greater social, cultural, and political inclusion.

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