Alteration of the α-tocopherol content in the brain and peripheral nervous tissue of dysmyelinating mutants

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Bourre ◽  
M. Clement ◽  
J. Chaudiere
1912 ◽  
Vol XIX (4) ◽  
pp. 803-813
Author(s):  
V. Lazarev

Is mercury injected into the body excreted into the spinal fluid? This question occupied us with practical and theoretical points of view. On the practical side, we were interested in knowing how much we can count on the circulation of mercury in the spinal fluid and, therefore, on its direct action on the nervous tissue due to the communication of the perivascular (and pericellular) spaces with the sub-arachnoid. If mercury is released into the spinal fluid, it is necessary to search for the therapeutic effect (syphilis of the nervous system) of the drug that quickly and in large quantities passes into the spinal fluid. On the theoretical side, the issue of mercury release is of interest for solving the broader issue of the nature of spinal fluid in general. As is known, there is currently no agreement on this account. Is the spinal fluid transudate, the secretion of the vascular plexus epithelium or the sui generis lymph of the brain itself. In favor of the second1 views are inclined by Schultze, Imamura, Raubitschek, Molt, and others in favor of the last but Spina2 (also Lewandovsky and Blumenthal3. The first view is generally accepted. We thought that the saturation of blood with mercury, which happens with prolonged introduction of it into the body, should lead to the appearance of at least traces of it in the spinal fluid, if the latter is transudate. If the last secret, then apriori nothing can be predicted; extraction depends on the chemical and physical properties of the epithelium itself; the epithelium can secerne one substance and not pass another. The number of substances found so far in the spinal fluid when injected into the body is very limited. When the brain (and membranes) was normal, the substances introduced by the authors did not completely enter the spinal fluid. Widal, Monod4, Sicard was found in tuberculous meningitis iod when giving it during 2-3 days for 3-5 grams only in 3 cases. Guinon and Simon found only 1/2 cases of tuberculous meningitis; no iodine was found in cases of cerebrospinal meningitis. With uremia, Costaigne found iod and methylene blue. Sicard and Widal didnt find it. Gilbert and Castaigne found bile pigment in jaundice. Sicard denies. Archard Loeper5 did not find the lithium when it was injected into the blood. Regarding the fate of mercury introduced into the organism, there are no indications in the literature6.


2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (03) ◽  
pp. 192-196
Author(s):  
Luiz Coutinho Dias Filho ◽  
Alex Caetano de Barros ◽  
Marina Félix da Mota

AbstractCranial stabbing injuries penetrating the brain are not commonly encountered. The cases in which the knife is retained constitute a challenge to the neurosurgeon. When a long-term permanence occurs, the reaction to the presence of the foreign body causes adherence to the nervous tissue and a higher risk is expected from the removal. The procedure should be performed with meticulous dissection and minimal oscillation of the blade thus avoiding damage to the adjacent structures. We report a case of a man who remained three years with a knife blade deeply lodged in the brain. After obtaining informed consent, the blade was removed; there were no postoperative complications. To our knowledge, this is the first case in which, after years of permanence, a knife blade was removed from the brain through a craniotomy.


1962 ◽  
Vol 203 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Kleeman ◽  
Hugh Davson ◽  
Emanuel Levin

The kinetics of urea transport in the central nervous system have been studied in rabbits during sustained intravenous and intracisternal infusions of C12 and C14 urea. The steady state content of urea in the water phase of the white matter and cord was approximately equal to its content in plasma water. However, the water of whole brain and gray matter had levels of urea which exceeded those in plasma by 7 and 18%, respectively, whereas the urea in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was only 78% of the plasma level. Its rate of penetration into nervous tissue was approximately one-tenth as rapid as into muscle. The intravenous infusion of urea caused a significant decrease in water content of the brain and cord. It was estimated that urea infused into the subarachnoid space penetrated the central nervous system (CNS) tissues at four to five times the rate of transport from blood to CNS tissues. These studies suggest that intravenous infusions of urea lower CSF pressure by decreasing the volume of the brain and cord. The major barrier to urea penetration into nervous tissue is at the capillary level, and not the plasma membrane of the glial or neuronal cells.


2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliasz Engelhardt

Abstract The debates about the mind and its higher functions, and attempts to locate them in the body, have represented a subject of interest of innumerable sages since ancient times. The doubt concerning the part of the body that housed these functions, the heart (cardiocentric doctrine) or the brain (cephalocentric doctrine), drove the search. The Egyptians, millennia ago, held a cardiocentric view. A very long time later, ancient Greek scholars took up the theme anew, but remained undecided between the heart and the brain, a controversy that lasted for centuries. The cephalocentric view prevailed, and a new inquiry ensued about the location of these functions within the brain, the ventricles or the nervous tissue, which also continued for centuries. The latter localization, although initially inaccurate, gained traction. However, it represented only a beginning, as further studies in the centuries that followed revealed more precise definitions and localizations of the higher mental functions.


1930 ◽  
Vol 76 (313) ◽  
pp. 284-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Glen Duncan

In view of the fact that cholesterol is one of the principal constituents of nervous tissue and presumably plays an important part in the functioning of that tissue, it is surprising that comparatively little attention has been given to the study of the variations of the blood cholesterol in disorders of the brain and mind. Such researches as have been published do not appear to have been based, as a rule, on any extensive number of cases, and there is rarely any attempt to analyse the results according to the actual mental state of the patient, apart from the diagnosis. It is therefore not remarkable that the conclusions of different observers have been somewhat contradictory.


1996 ◽  
Vol 37 (3P2) ◽  
pp. 578-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. La Noce ◽  
P. Lorenzon ◽  
F. Pugliese ◽  
G. Pellecchi ◽  
I. Orlandini ◽  
...  

Purpose: Iomeprol, a new nonionic iodinated compound for intravascular use, is being evaluated as a myelographic contrast agent because of its low neurotoxicity. This study aimed to assess the degree of brain penetration of iomeprol after intrathecal administration. Material and Methods: Brain penetration in dogs was investigated by CT and compared with that of iopamidol, iohexol, and ioversol, currently used as myelographic contrast media (CM). Nervous tissue density was determined in different brain structures by recording Hounsfield values. Results: The experiments revealed that CM diffused from the cisternae into the parenchyma, reaching a maximum at 5–24 h after injection. The density of the examined brain regions was still higher than the preinjection levels 24 h later. No differences in brain penetration were observed among the CM investigated. Conclusion: The study has shown that iomeprol penetrates into the brain to the same extent as the most widely used myelographic CM.


1980 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.Saeed Abdel-Halim ◽  
I. Lundén ◽  
G. Cseh ◽  
E. Änggård

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
S.V. Ziablitsev ◽  
T.I. Panova ◽  
O.O. Starodubska

Relevance. A key role in the pathogenesis of brain injury (BI) is played by destructive changes in the neural tissue of the brain, which consist in damage to neurons and glial cells. To date, various drugs are being intensively developed and studied, which are considered in the perspective of correction and restoration of the functional state of the brain. These substances include the neuroprotector carbacetam, an modulator of the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor complex, a derivative of the alkaloid β-carboline. Objectie. To investigate the effect of carbacetam on neurodestruction processes in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus in experimental BI. Material and methods. The study was carried out on 20 white non-native male rats weighing 200±10 g. To simulate the BI, rats were subjected to one stroke along the cranial vault with a free-fall load according to the V.N. Yelskyy and S.V. Ziablitsev method (2008). The energy of impact was 0.52 J, the lethality for the first 5 days after injury was 84%. In the control group (n=10) 1 ml of saline was injected intraperitoneally once daily for 10 days after injury. Animals of the experimental group (n=10) received intraperitoneally injections of carbacetam at a dose of 5 mg/kg in 1 ml of saline according to the same scheme. After the experiment was over, the animals were decapitated with the removal of the brain, from which histological preparations were made with a microtome after appropriate histological treatment. Some sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, others were immunohistochemically reacted with antibodies against neuronmarkers proteins NSE, S-100 and GFAP. Results. Carbacetam influenced the decrease of degenerative processes in the nervous tissue of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus. Neurons of animals with BI that received carbacetam, were characterized by the restoration of normal morphological features in contrast to rats not receiving the drug. Immunohistochemical study of brain neuromarkers confirmed the restoration of the functions of neurons and astrocytes in the investigated parts of the rat's hypothalamus after the administration of carbacetam. There was a decrease in the expression level of glial markers GFAP and S-100, which illustrated the decrease in degenerative changes in the nervous tissue. While the expression level of the neuron marker NSE grew, this demonstrated the high metabolic activity of nerve cells. Changes in the expression of markers of neurons and glia indicated a restoration of normal neuronal activity under the action of carbacetam. Conclusion. Further investigation of the effects of carbacetam seems promising in terms of the restoration of neuronal function at BI.


Author(s):  
Л.Н. Тихомирова ◽  
Д.Д. Мациевский ◽  
С.В. Ревенко ◽  
И.А. Тараканов

В острых опытах на наркотизированных самцах беспородных белых крыс изучали кровоснабжение ствола головного мозга в зоне дыхательного центра при моделировании периодического апнейстического дыхания с помощью оксибутирата натрия. При формировании периодического патологического дыхания в микрососудах ствола мозга возникают характерные периодические колебания кровотока и оксигенации нервной ткани, которые соответствуют дыхательным движениям. Кроме того, в этих условиях увеличивается кровенаполнение и величина венозного оттока крови от мозга. Полученные данные позволяют предположить, что характерные колебания кровоснабжения мозга в ритме дыхательных движений появляются не только в стволе мозга, но и в других отделах. Они, вероятно, связаны с пульсациями венозного оттока вследствие присасывающего влияния грудной полости во время инспирации. The model of periodic apneustic respiration provoked by sodium hydroxybutyrate was used in acute experiments on anaesthetized mongrel male albino rats to examine the blood supply to the region of respiratory center in the brain stem. The development of periodic pathological respiration was associated with specific periodic oscillations of 1) blood flow in the brain stem microvasculature and 2) oxygenation of the nervous tissue following the respiration rhythm. Under these conditions, both blood supply to and venous outflow from the brain were augmented. The study suggested that the characteristic oscillations of blood supply to the brain at the respiration rhythm emerge not only in the brain stem but also in other cerebral regions. Probably, they are caused by oscillations of venous outflow induced by the suction effect of the chest cavity during inspiration.


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