Is mercury injected into the body for therapeutic purposes released into the spinal fluid?

V. Lazarev

doi:10.17816/nb71280

Is mercury injected into the body for therapeutic purposes released into the spinal fluid?

Neurology Bulletin ◽

10.17816/nb71280 ◽

1912 ◽

Vol XIX (4) ◽

pp. 803-813

Author(s):

V. Lazarev

Keyword(s):

Tuberculous Meningitis ◽

Nervous Tissue ◽

Direct Action ◽

The Body ◽

Spinal Fluid ◽

Bile Pigment ◽

Vascular Plexus ◽

Points Of View ◽

The Brain ◽

Theoretical Side

Is mercury injected into the body excreted into the spinal fluid? This question occupied us with practical and theoretical points of view. On the practical side, we were interested in knowing how much we can count on the circulation of mercury in the spinal fluid and, therefore, on its direct action on the nervous tissue due to the communication of the perivascular (and pericellular) spaces with the sub-arachnoid. If mercury is released into the spinal fluid, it is necessary to search for the therapeutic effect (syphilis of the nervous system) of the drug that quickly and in large quantities passes into the spinal fluid. On the theoretical side, the issue of mercury release is of interest for solving the broader issue of the nature of spinal fluid in general. As is known, there is currently no agreement on this account. Is the spinal fluid transudate, the secretion of the vascular plexus epithelium or the sui generis lymph of the brain itself. In favor of the second1 views are inclined by Schultze, Imamura, Raubitschek, Molt, and others in favor of the last but Spina2 (also Lewandovsky and Blumenthal3. The first view is generally accepted. We thought that the saturation of blood with mercury, which happens with prolonged introduction of it into the body, should lead to the appearance of at least traces of it in the spinal fluid, if the latter is transudate. If the last secret, then apriori nothing can be predicted; extraction depends on the chemical and physical properties of the epithelium itself; the epithelium can secerne one substance and not pass another. The number of substances found so far in the spinal fluid when injected into the body is very limited. When the brain (and membranes) was normal, the substances introduced by the authors did not completely enter the spinal fluid. Widal, Monod4, Sicard was found in tuberculous meningitis iod when giving it during 2-3 days for 3-5 grams only in 3 cases. Guinon and Simon found only 1/2 cases of tuberculous meningitis; no iodine was found in cases of cerebrospinal meningitis. With uremia, Costaigne found iod and methylene blue. Sicard and Widal didnt find it. Gilbert and Castaigne found bile pigment in jaundice. Sicard denies. Archard Loeper5 did not find the lithium when it was injected into the blood. Regarding the fate of mercury introduced into the organism, there are no indications in the literature6.

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Low Spinal Fluid Sugar in Meningitis

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.45.4.717a ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 717-718

Author(s):

Manfred Weichsel

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Meningitis ◽

Glucose Transport ◽

Tuberculous Meningitis ◽

Spinal Fluid ◽

The Brain

Dr. John H. Menkes's review of the factors responsible for the lowering of the spinal fluid sugar in bacterial and tuberculous meningitis1 presents evidence that the primary factors for the low spinal fluid sugar in bacterial meningitis may be a combination of increased utilization of glucose by the brain, combined with a defective glucose transport. We2 presented evidence over 30 years ago that the lowering of the spinal fluid sugar in tuberculous meningitis was not due predominantly to utilization of the glucose by either bacteria or leukocytes:

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Cerebral localization of the mind and higher functions The beginnings

Dementia & Neuropsychologia ◽

10.1590/1980-57642018dn12-030014 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 321-325 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Eliasz Engelhardt

Keyword(s):

Nervous Tissue ◽

The Body ◽

Ancient Greek ◽

Mental Functions ◽

Long Time ◽

Cerebral Localization ◽

Ancient Times ◽

Higher Mental Functions ◽

The Mind ◽

The Brain

Abstract The debates about the mind and its higher functions, and attempts to locate them in the body, have represented a subject of interest of innumerable sages since ancient times. The doubt concerning the part of the body that housed these functions, the heart (cardiocentric doctrine) or the brain (cephalocentric doctrine), drove the search. The Egyptians, millennia ago, held a cardiocentric view. A very long time later, ancient Greek scholars took up the theme anew, but remained undecided between the heart and the brain, a controversy that lasted for centuries. The cephalocentric view prevailed, and a new inquiry ensued about the location of these functions within the brain, the ventricles or the nervous tissue, which also continued for centuries. The latter localization, although initially inaccurate, gained traction. However, it represented only a beginning, as further studies in the centuries that followed revealed more precise definitions and localizations of the higher mental functions.

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ВМІСТ ФОСФОЛІПІДІВ У ТКАНИНАХ КОРОПА ЛУCКАТОГО (CYPRINUS CARPIO L.) ЗА ДІЇ НАТРІЙ ЛАУРИЛСУЛЬФАТВМІСНОГО ТА БЕЗФОСФАТНОГО СИНТЕТИЧНИХ МИЮЧИХ ЗАСОБІВ

Scientific Issue Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University. Series: Biology ◽

10.25128/2078-2357.19.2.8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 76 (2) ◽

pp. 48-52

Author(s):

M. G. Yachna ◽

O. B. Meched ◽

O. P. Tretyak ◽

B. V. Yakovenko

Keyword(s):

Cyprinus Carpio ◽

Synthetic Detergent ◽

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate ◽

Direct Action ◽

The Body ◽

Lauryl Sulfate ◽

Biological Laws ◽

Aquarium Water ◽

Experimental Introduction ◽

The Brain

The biological laws of adaptation of fish to the action of surfactants are studied. Changes in the content of phospholipids in the gills, brain, liver and skeletal muscle of the scaly carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) under the influence of sodium lauryl sulfate and nonphosphate synthetic detergent have been studied. Ambiguous mediated changes in indicators were identified under the action of toxicants. Such changes can be caused by both the direct action of surfactants on the body of hydrobionts and the peculiar restructuring of the lipid bichar in the direction of counteracting the influence of toxicants. With the experimental introduction of sodium lauryl sulfate-containing synthetic detergent and non-phosphate synthetic detergent into aquarium water, changes in the activity of phospholipids occur in all test tissues of the carp. When applying lauryl sulfate, we observe almost uniform effect on all investigated fabrics. With the tendency to increase, we observe indicators in the brain and white muscles, but with a tendency to decrease in the liver and gills. As for the effect of lauryl sulfate on the tissue, we observe the greatest importance in the liver tissues and uniform effect on the white muscle, brain and gills of the carp.

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An Early History of Neuroglial Research: Personalities

Neuroglia ◽

10.3390/neuroglia1010016 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 245-281 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Alexandr Chvátal ◽

Alexei Verkhratsky

Keyword(s):

Brain Function ◽

Nervous Tissue ◽

18Th Century ◽

Natural Philosophy ◽

Cell Types ◽

The Body ◽

Hellenistic World ◽

Multiple Cell ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

The Brain

Neuroscience, like most other divisions of natural philosophy, emerged in the Hellenistic world following the first experimental discoveries of the nerves connecting the brain with the body. The first fundamental doctrine on brain function highlighted the role for a specific substance, pneuma, which appeared as a substrate for brain function and, being transported through the hollow nerves, operated the peripheral organs. A paradigm shift occurred in 17th century when brain function was relocated to the grey matter. Beginning from the end of the 18th century, the existence of active and passive portions of the nervous tissue were postulated. The passive part of the nervous tissue has been further conceptualised by Rudolf Virchow, who introduced the notion of neuroglia as a connective tissue of the brain and the spinal cord. During the second half of the 19th century, the cellular architecture of the brain was been extensively studied, which led to an in-depth morphological characterisation of multiple cell types, including a detailed description of the neuroglia. Here, we present the views and discoveries of the main personalities of early neuroglial research.

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Descartes aux limites du naturalisme

Philosophica - Le varietà del naturalismo ◽

10.30687/978-88-6969-325-0/007 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Denis Kambouchner

Keyword(s):

Direct Action ◽

The Body ◽

Animal Spirits ◽

The Brain

In order to appreciate the distance between the Cartesian theory of man and a naturalistic programme, it is necessary to ask what exactly Descartes means by “the soul’s power to move the body”. A precise examination of the Cartesian texts, especially the Treatise on Man and The Passions of the Soul, will lead to the exclusion of any direct action of the soul on the body. All the action of the soul goes through the formation of certain images in the brain, which determine certain flows of animal spirits, and as for the passions, the effectiveness of this action is mainly a matter of habit. The spontaneity of thought does not preclude considering the ‘force of the soul’ as associated with the ‘disposition of the brain’. Conversely, nothing in the Cartesian texts allows us to eliminate this spontaneity where we experience it.

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Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as port of Central Nervous System entry in COVID-19 patients

10.1101/2020.06.04.135012 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Jenny Meinhardt ◽

Josefine Radke ◽

Carsten Dittmayer ◽

Ronja Mothes ◽

Jonas Franz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Nervous System ◽

Nervous Tissue ◽

Olfactory Mucosa ◽

The Body ◽

Thromboembolic Events ◽

Control Center ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

The Brain

AbstractThe newly identified severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19, a pandemic respiratory disease presenting with fever, cough, and often pneumonia. Moreover, thromboembolic events throughout the body including the central nervous system (CNS) have been described. Given first indication for viral RNA presence in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid and in light of neurological symptoms in a large majority of COVID-19 patients, SARS-CoV-2-penetrance of the CNS is likely. By precisely investigating and anatomically mapping oro- and pharyngeal regions and brains of 32 patients dying from COVID-19, we not only describe CNS infarction due to cerebral thromboembolism, but also demonstrate SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism. SARS-CoV-2 enters the nervous system via trespassing the neuro-mucosal interface in the olfactory mucosa by exploiting the close vicinity of olfactory mucosal and nervous tissue including delicate olfactory and sensitive nerve endings. Subsequently, SARS-CoV-2 follows defined neuroanatomical structures, penetrating defined neuroanatomical areas, including the primary respiratory and cardiovascular control center in the medulla oblongata.

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FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON ELECTROLYTE CHANGE IN TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.18.2.218 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 218-226

Author(s):

Donald B. Cheek

Keyword(s):

Tuberculous Meningitis ◽

Metabolic Alkalosis ◽

Extracellular Fluid ◽

Total Content ◽

The Body ◽

Spinal Fluid ◽

Purulent Meningitis ◽

Electrolyte Change ◽

Maintenance Requirements ◽

Frequent Presence

The investigation of the disturbance of the electrolytes of the serum in 8 patients with tuberculous meningitis again demonstrates the frequent presence of metabolic alkalosis, hypochloremia and hyponatremia, a normal total content of chloride in the body and hypotonic expansion of the extracellular fluid (chloride space). Total content of water is normal or decreased in some instances (on the basis of total weight) so that the expansion of the chloride space can be considered as being occasionally, if not frequently, at the expense of water from the cells. The instances in which total content of water is increased could be explained on a malnutrition basis. The findings of metabolic alkalosis and hypotonic expansion of the chloride space are not the rule in purulent meningitis. The penetration by bromide of the blood-spinal fluid barrier has been investigated in 7 cases of tuberculous meningitis and in 5 cases of purulent meningitis. In the former instance, bromide, penetrated the spinal fluid almost completely within 8 hours of injection, giving a [See equation in source pdf] ratio of about one. In purulent meningitis the degree of penetration was also increased in some instances, and it is not possible to differentiate tuberculous meningitis from purulent meningitis by the above method. While the initial cause of the coexisting metabolic alkalosis remains obscure, it is pointed out that requirements for potassium should be more than fulfilled, and loads of sodium should not exceed maintenance requirements in the presence of this persistent metabolic alkalosis.

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On the question of neurolues

Kazan medical journal ◽

10.17816/kazmj58796 ◽

1926 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 422-428

Author(s):

D. L. Seidel

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Causative Agent ◽

Peripheral Nerves ◽

Nervous Tissue ◽

Circulatory System ◽

The Body ◽

The Brain

Even during Virchow, - according to the testimony of prof. MI Molchanova, - it was known that syphilitic infection tends to be localized simultaneously in various tissues of the body and, in particular, in the nervous system, it is inclined to simultaneously affect its various parts - both peripheral nerves, and membranes, and the very substance of the brain. Molchanov explains the cases of syphilitic poliomyelitis that he observed without the participation of the spinal membranes by the penetration of the infection by the vascular route, which is consistent with the now dominant view of Sicard about the introduction of the causative agent of syphilis (Spir. Pallida) through the circulatory system into the nervous tissue.

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