Influence of prey density, species and developmental stages on the predatory behaviour ofAmblyseius longispinosus (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Entomophaga ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. B. Ibrahim ◽  
R. B. Abdul Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Prey Density ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Predatory Behaviour

scholarly journals Experimental evolution of a microbial predator's ability to find prey

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1656) ◽  
pp. 459-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina L Hillesland ◽  
Gregory J Velicer ◽  
Richard E Lenski
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Myxococcus Xanthus ◽  
Foraging Theory ◽  
High Density ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Predatory Behaviour ◽  
Handling Performance

Foraging theory seeks to explain how the distribution and abundance of prey influence the evolution of predatory behaviour, including the allocation of effort to searching for prey and handling them after they are found. While experiments have shown that many predators alter their behaviour phenotypically within individual lifetimes, few have examined the actual evolution of predatory behaviour in light of this theory. Here, we test the effects of prey density on the evolution of a predator's searching and handling behaviours using a bacterial predator, Myxococcus xanthus . Sixteen predator populations evolved for almost a year on agar surfaces containing patches of Escherichia coli prey at low or high density. Improvements in searching rate were significantly greater in those predators that evolved at low prey density. Handling performance also improved in some predator populations, but prey density did not significantly affect the magnitude of these gains. As the predators evolved greater foraging proficiency, their capacity diminished to produce fruiting bodies that enable them to survive prolonged periods of starvation. More generally, these results demonstrate that predators evolve behaviours that reflect at least some of the opportunities and limitations imposed by the distribution and abundance of their prey.

scholarly journals Predatory Efficiency of Diplonychus annulatum (Fabr.) (Hemiptera:Belostomatidae) on Developmental Stages of a Major Carp Catla catla (Ham.)

Our Nature ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ramanand ◽  
S.P. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Prey Density ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Catla Catla ◽  
Predatory Efficiency ◽  
Predation Capacity ◽  
Freshwater System

The paper deals with the result of predatory efficiency of fed and starved (5, 7 and 9 days) groups of water bug Diplonychus annulatum (Fabr.) On spawn and fry stages of Catla catla (Ham.), a major carp of freshwater system in laboratory. The highest predation capacity (N/hr) on maximum spawn (25) densities were recorded as 8.40 ± 1.13, 7.80 ± 1.17, 6.10 ± 0.99, 5.60 ± 0.87 for fed and 5, 7 and 9 days starved predatory aquatic bug respectively. The predation was highest on maximum prey density (25) while it was minimized as the size of prey increased. It was also found that the rate of predatory efficiency was found more in natural feeding hour than the starved condition of this aquatic bug.Keywords: Predatory efficiency, Diplonychus annulatum (Fabr.), Spawn, Fry, Catla catla (Ham.)doi: 10.3126/on.v6i1.1649Our Nature (2008)6:15-18

Experimental studies on acarine predator–prey interactions: effects of predator age and feeding history on prey consumption and the functional response (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 1387-1406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eldon S. Eveleigh ◽  
D. A. Chant
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Phytoseiulus Persimilis ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Phytoseiid Mites ◽  
Predatory Behaviour ◽  
Predator Prey

Laboratory experiments were performed to determine the functional response to prey density of various instars of two species of predacious phytoseiid mites, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius degenerans, and to examine the effects of predator age and nutritional history on their responses. The experiments showed that the nutritional requirements of the predators, the time that they are exposed to prey in relation to their life-span, increasing age, and differences in nutritional history, can have important effects on predatory behaviour and the functional response. Prolonged exposure to one density of prey can cause lags in predation rates when the prey density is changed. The results indicated that functional responses are probably multiform in certain predators and the above factors may provide an explanation of the variety of responses previously reported for species of phytoseiid mites. Phytoseiulus persimilis appeared to be more sensitive to some of these factors than A. degenerans and was shown to be different in many aspects of its predatory behaviour.

SOME EFFECTS OF PREY DENSITY ON SURVIVAL, SPEED OF DEVELOPMENT, AND FECUNDITY OF THE PREDACEOUS MITE MELICHARES DENTRITICUS (BERL.) (ACARINA: ACEOSEJIDAE)

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1233-1236 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Rivard
Keyword(s):  
Prey Density ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Tyrophagus Putrescentiae ◽  
History Of ◽  
Predaceous Mite

Laboratory experiments indicated that survival, speed of development, and fecundity of Melichares dentriticus (Berl.) fed larvae of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) increased, and that the proportion of prey eaten decreased, with increasing number of prey available. The fecundity of the adult was little influenced by the nutritional history of its developmental stages, except at a very low prey density.

The feeding and searching behaviour of two species of phytoseiid mites, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot and Amblyseius degenerans (Berlese), at different prey densities (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 1419-1430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eldon S. Eveleigh ◽  
D. A. Chant
Keyword(s):  
Prey Density ◽  
Phytoseiulus Persimilis ◽  
Phytoseiid Mites ◽  
Predatory Behaviour ◽  
Searching Behaviour ◽  
Lower Capacity

Detailed observations were made on various components of the predatory behaviour of each instar of two species of predacious phytoseiid mites, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius degenerans, in the laboratory. These observations revealed that many aspects of the feeding and searching behaviour of these predators are dependent on the prey density to which they are exposed. Differences between the two species are described and it is concluded that P. persimilis has a greater ability to modify its behaviour in relation to prey conditions than A. degenerans. The results explain why P. persimilis has a lower capacity for prey and lower prey requirements for survival, development, and reproduction than A. degenerans, and also the nature of the functional and numerical responses to prey density of the two species.

Correlated Studies of Cellular Interactions Using TEM, Freeze Etching, and SEM

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 320-321
Author(s):  
J. P. Revel
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Movement ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Cell Sheets ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Early Developmental

Movement of individual cells or of cell sheets and complex patterns of folding play a prominent role in the early developmental stages of the embryo. Our understanding of these processes is based on three- dimensional reconstructions laboriously prepared from serial sections, and from autoradiographic and other studies. Many concepts have also evolved from extrapolation of investigations of cell movement carried out in vitro. The scanning electron microscope now allows us to examine some of these events in situ. It is possible to prepare dissections of embryos and even of tissues of adult animals which reveal existing relationships between various structures more readily than used to be possible vithout an SEM.

Electron investigations of rhabdovirus-like particles in mexican bean beetles and crickets

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 378-379
Author(s):  
J. R. Adams ◽  
G. J Tompkins ◽  
A. M. Heimpel ◽  
E. Dougherty
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Acheta Domesticus ◽  
Epilachna Varivestis ◽  
House Cricket ◽  
Similar Morphology ◽  
Bean Beetle

As part of a continual search for potential pathogens of insects for use in biological control or on an integrated pest management program, two bacilliform virus-like particles (VLP) of similar morphology have been found in the Mexican bean beetle Epilachna varivestis Mulsant and the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L. ).Tissues of diseased larvae and adults of E. varivestis and all developmental stages of A. domesticus were fixed according to procedures previously described. While the bean beetles displayed no external symptoms, the diseased crickets displayed a twitching and shaking of the metathoracic legs and a lowered rate of activity.Examinations of larvae and adult Mexican bean beetles collected in the field in 1976 and 1977 in Maryland and field collected specimens brought into the lab in the fall and reared through several generations revealed that specimens from each collection contained vesicles in the cytoplasm of the midgut filled with hundreds of these VLP's which were enveloped and measured approximately 16-25 nm x 55-110 nm, the shorter VLP's generally having the greater width (Fig. 1).

The Fine Structure of the Sheath of Volvox Carteri f. Weismannia

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 346-347
Author(s):  
Regina Birchem
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Sulfated Polysaccharides ◽  
Volvox Carteri ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
Sheath Formation ◽  
And Inversion ◽  
Sheath Material

Spheroids of the green colonial alga Volvox consist of biflagellate Chlamydomonad-like cells embedded in a transparent sheath. The sheath, important as a substance through which metabolic materials, light, and the sexual inducer must pass to and from the cells, has been shown to have an ordered structure (1,2). It is composed of both protein and carbohydrate (3); studies of V. rousseletii indicate an outside layer of sulfated polysaccharides (4).Ultrastructural studies of the sheath material in developmental stages of V. carteri f. weismannia were undertaken employing variations in the standard fixation procedure, ruthenium red, diaminobenzidine, and high voltage electron microscopy. Sheath formation begins after the completion of cell division and inversion of the daughter spheroids. Golgi, rough ER, and plasma membrane are actively involved in phases of sheath synthesis (Fig. 1). Six layers of ultrastructurally differentiated sheath material have been identified.

Localization of acid phosphatases in root cap of rice plant

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 224-225
Author(s):  
Y. R. Chen ◽  
Y. F. Huang ◽  
W. S. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Rice Plant ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Root Cap ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Acid Phosphatases ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
Ethanol Series

Acid phosphatases are widely distributed in different tisssues of various plants. Studies on subcellular localization of acid phosphatases show they might be present in cell wall, plasma lemma, mitochondria, plastid, vacuole and nucleus. However, their localization in rice cell varies with developmental stages of cells and plant tissues. In present study, acid phosphatases occurring in root cap are examined.Sliced root tips of ten-day-old rice(Oryza sativa) seedlings were fixed in 0.1M cacodylate buffer containing 2.5% glutaraldehyde for 2h, washed overnight in same buffer solution, incubated in Gomori's solution at 37° C for 90min, post-fixed in OsO4, dehydrated in ethanol series and finally embeded in Spurr's resin. Sections were doubly stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and observed under Hitachi H-600 at 75 KV.

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