SOME EFFECTS OF PREY DENSITY ON SURVIVAL, SPEED OF DEVELOPMENT, AND FECUNDITY OF THE PREDACEOUS MITE MELICHARES DENTRITICUS (BERL.) (ACARINA: ACEOSEJIDAE)

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1233-1236 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Rivard
Keyword(s):  
Prey Density ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Tyrophagus Putrescentiae ◽  
History Of ◽  
Predaceous Mite

Laboratory experiments indicated that survival, speed of development, and fecundity of Melichares dentriticus (Berl.) fed larvae of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) increased, and that the proportion of prey eaten decreased, with increasing number of prey available. The fecundity of the adult was little influenced by the nutritional history of its developmental stages, except at a very low prey density.

Review of early developmental stages of trilobites and agnostids from the Barrandian area (Czech Republic)

2017 ◽  
Vol 186 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-112
Author(s):  
Lukáš Laibl ◽  
Oldřich Fatka
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Early Developmental Stages ◽  
History Of ◽  
Barrandian Area ◽  
Early Developmental

This contribution briefly summarizes the history of research, modes of preservation and stratigraphic distribution of 51 trilobite and five agnostid taxa from the Barrandian area, for which the early developmental stages have been described.

BIOLOGY OF TACHINAEPHAGUS ZEALANDICUS (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), PARASITOID OF SYNANTHROPIC DIPTERA

1974 ◽  
Vol 106 (8) ◽  
pp. 785-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Olton ◽  
E. F. Legner
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Pupal Parasitoid ◽  
History Of ◽  
Parasitoid Development

AbstractThe synonymy, distribution, host range, and life history of the gregarious larval–pupal parasitoid Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead, is discussed. Laboratory studies of its biology were conducted at 25° ± 2 °C using Musca domestica L. as host. Its developmental stages are described. Under laboratory conditions its life cycle lasted 23–27 days. Parasitoid development accelerated with higher average densities per host. Single standardized hosts produced 3–18 adult parasitoids. Mated females provided with hosts lived 50.4–67.2 h. The average length of the reproductive period and number of hosts parasitized were independent of host density; however, the average number of eggs deposited per host increased at lower host densities. Adult emergence displayed circadian rhythmicity independent of photoperiod over 3+ days.

Animatio: a history of ideas on the beginning of personhood

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-364
Author(s):  
Michael Obladen
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Church Fathers ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Biological Reality ◽  
Fetal Movements ◽  
History Of ◽  
Individual Human

Abstract The onset of individual human life has fascinated thinkers of all cultures and epochs, and the history of their ideas may enlighten an unsettled debate. Aristotle attributed three different souls to the subsequent developmental stages. The last, the rational soul, was associated with the formed fetus, and entailed fetal movements. With some modifications, the concept of delayed ensoulment – at 30, 42, 60, or 90 days after conception – was adopted by several Christian Church Fathers and remained valid throughout the Middle Ages. The concept of immediate ensoulment at fertilization originated in the 15th century and became Catholic dogma in 1869. During the Enlightenment, philosophers began to replace the rational soul with the term personhood, basing the latter on self-consciousness. Biological reality suggests that personhood accrues slowly, not at a specific date during gestation. Requirements for personhood are present in the embryo, but not in the preembryo before implantation: anatomic substrate; no more totipotent cells; decreased rate of spontaneous loss. However, biological facts alone cannot determine the embryo’s moral status. Societies must negotiate and decide the degree of protection of unborn humans. In the 21st century, fertilization, implantation, extrauterine viability and birth have become the most widely accepted landmarks of change in ontological status.

Life history of Mysis stenolepis Smith (Crustacea, Mysidacea)

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 942-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Amaratunga ◽  
S. Corey
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Life History ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Shallow Water ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Shallow Waters ◽  
Passamaquoddy Bay ◽  
History Of

A 17-month field study showed that Mysis stenolepis in Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick lives for about 1 year. Young are released in shallow water early in spring and grow rapidly during the summer. In the fall, young adults migrate to deeper water where they reach sexual maturity. Transfer of sperm lakes place during winter in deeper regions of the Bay. soon after which the males die. Females survive and in spring migrate to shallow waters to release young after which they die. Females breed once and carry an average of 157 young per brood. Developmental stages of the postmarsupial young are described and discussed.

Positioning historical evidences in architectural education: review of methods and contents

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-507
Author(s):  
Yasira Naeem Pasha ◽  
Shahla Adnan ◽  
Noman Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Formal Education ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Culturally Sensitive ◽  
Theory Model ◽  
Architectural Education ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Skill Sets ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of

Purpose This paper aims to position the evidence in the history of architectural education, which has contributed to the development of architecture as a discipline. The paper focusses on the transformational stages of architectural education through history. It builds on considering its evolution from informal stages towards formal educational discipline and then standardization as a curriculum-based model in contemporary times. Design/methodology/approach The research adopts a qualitative approach focussing on epistemological interpretations through triangulation. The qualitative data includes two main categories; first, historical research and second, interviews and focussed group discussions. It then adopts the triangulation method for the analysis of data. The exploration positions historical pieces of evidence encompassing important factors involved in the process that directed the changes while suggesting the modes of training of architects. The interviews and focus groups provide a valuable addition to historical data for connecting it to contemporary times. Significant modes examined include master pupil, apprenticeship and curriculum-based model, in addition to several fundamental skill sets such as drawing, painting and sculptures that remained constant in this process. Findings The historical pieces of evidence inform that architectural education has been inclusive and considerate towards cultural concerns throughout its developmental stages untill the currently adopted curriculum-based model. It concludes that the development of architecture as a discipline in formal education has been influenced by methods of disseminating knowledge, contents incorporated for teaching architecture, deliberate inclusion of relevant knowledge areas such as arts and cultural integrations of societies. Research limitations/implications This research is limited to a structured study to explore and position pieces of evidence in the history of architectural education considering its methods and contents. While it signifies the role of culturally sensitive contents in the architectural curricula, the scope of this research is not to focus on the development of any new theory, model or postulate regarding the inclusion of some specific contents. The implications of this research aspire to the best use of methods and contents deeply rooted in the development of the discipline, of architectural curricula in the future. It suggests the negation of possible overlooking of such content in curricula. Originality/value The study signifies the core argument of the relevance of architectural education to social and cultural concerns as an important facet in the developmental stages in the history of the discipline. The exploration of pieces of evidence is significantly important to avoid the inadvertent overlooking of the culturally sensitive content in architectural education in the future development of architectural curricula that were included purposefully.

Fate of14C-EPTC in a Soil Exhibiting Accelerated Degradation of Carbamothioate Herbicides and Its Control

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Tal ◽  
Baruch Rubin ◽  
Jaacov Katan ◽  
Nadav Aharonson
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Soil Microorganisms ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Soil Sterilization ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Herbicide Degradation ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Accelerated Degradation ◽  
History Of

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the fate of14C-EPTC in a soil that had a history of vernolate application and exhibited accelerated degradation of carbamothioate herbicides compared to nonhistory soil. A very rapid mineralization of the herbicide to14CO2was evident in history soil, compared to nonhistory soil. The two soils did not differ in the amounts of the EPTC lost through volatilization or in the nonextractable radioactive fractions. Except for small quantities of EPTC-sulfoxide and sulfone, no other metabolites were detected. Degradation of14C-EPTC, as determined by evolution of14CO2in history soil, was drastically inhibited following soil sterilization by means of autoclaving or gamma irradiation. Soil disinfestation by solarization, methyl bromide, or metham had a pronounced inhibitory effect during the first 6 days, but was less effective than sterilization. Treatment of a history soil with the fungicide 2-methoxyethylmercury chloride and dietholate strongly inhibited EPTC degradation, while thiram and fentin acetate had only short lasting effects. Cycloheximide, an antifungal antibiotic, had little effect on the degradation of EPTC while chloramphenicol, an antibacterial antibiotic, inhibited the herbicide degradation. These results indicate that accelerated degradation of EPTC is linked to the activity of soil microorganisms, e.g. bacteria, and can be controlled by sterilization and chemical treatments.

scholarly journals V. On the early development of cirripedia

1894 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
pp. 119-232 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Short Stay ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
History Of ◽  
Complete Series ◽  
The Subject

During a short stay at Plymouth, in 1889, I was engaged in studying certain points in the anatomy of Cirripedia; finding, however, that a knowledge of the embryology was necessary in order to arrive at a complete understanding of the adult structure, I became wishful to investigate the life-history of some one member of the group. This I had an opportunity of doing at Naples, where I was appointed to occupy the Cambridge University Table at the Zoological Station for a period of six months, subsequently increased to nine. I here succeeded in obtaining a practically complete series of stages of Balanus perforatus , Bruguiere, as well as many stages in other members of the group. Though a number of able observers have occupied themselves with the embryology of Cirripedes, yet, owing to lack of opportunity, and to the difficulty of obtaining complete series of developmental stages, as well' as to the inherent difficulties in the subject, much remained to be done in this line. Willemoes-Suhm alone, with the advantages afforded by his position during the Challenger Expedition, has hitherto obtained a complete series of stages of any one form, but he failed to trace the history of the earlier stages, and in the later, limited himself to the appearance of fresh and spirit specimens, as seen without cutting sections. In fact the method of sections has been little applied to the development of Cirripedes, and not at all to the earlier stages. There is, therefore, little apology needed for an account embracing the results obtained by the employment of some of the more modern methods of embryological study.

Coccidiosis in goats: Pathological observations on intestinal developmental stages and anticoccidial efficacy of amprolim

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukhmeet Kaur ◽  
L.D. Singla ◽  
B. S Sandhu ◽  
M. S. Bal ◽  
P. Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Eimeria Species ◽  
General Weakness ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Coprological Examination ◽  
History Of ◽  
Coccidial Infection ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Papillary Hyperplasia

In an outbreak of coccidiosis at a goat farm having 200 animals of different age groups (0-3 months, 4-6 months and 7-9 months), kept under stall fed conditions, mortality of 2 kids aged 2-3 months in a span of 2-3 days was seen. The kids were having a history of severe diarrhoea, anorexia and general weakness. Standard qualitative and quantitative coprological examination of randomly collected faecal samples from 60 goats of different age groups revealed that 58 (96.66%) were infected with coccidian oocysts. Among positive samples, 25(43.10%) were heavily infected (OPG=5000-1,23,000), 22(37.93%) had a moderate (OPG=1000-5000) and 11(18.96%) had a mild (OPG=100-1000) infection. Significant difference (P less than 0.05) observed in the mean OPG between the 3 age categories with highest infection in kids with the age group of less than or equal to 3 months,followed by 4-6 months and 7-9 months. Mixed infection of five Eimeria species, namely E. arloingi, E. ninakohlyakimovae, E. christenseni, E. hirci and E. alijevi was seen and E. arloingi was most predominant species among them. Systematic necropsies of naturally died kids of coccidial infection revealed small whitish non-pedunculated nodules in the small intestine. Histopathologically, these nodules revealed papillary hyperplasia of the mucosal epithelium with mild to moderate inflammatory reaction with the presence of developmental stages of Eimeria including trophozoites, schizonts, microgamonts, macrogamonts and oocysts in the epithelium of affected intestinal villi and crypts. The affected animals were successfully treated with amprolium @ dose rate of 2g/40kg body weight. Significant reduction in the oocysts count (P less than 0.01) 7 days post treatment 610.52±201.17 was seen compared to pre treatment values (10685.96±3128.22).

Differences in feeding selectivity and efficiency between young-of-the-year European perch (Perca fluviatilis) and roach (Rutilus rutilus) — field observations and laboratory experiments on the importance of prey movement apparency vs. evasiveness

Biologia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Peterka ◽  
Josef Matěna
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Feeding Experiment ◽  
Feeding Selectivity ◽  
European Perch ◽  
Feeding Efficiency ◽  
Young Of The Year ◽  
Field And Laboratory Conditions

AbstractFeeding selectivity and efficiency of young-of-the-year European perch and roach were compared under field and laboratory conditions. In laboratory experiments, the importance of prey evasiveness versus prey movement conspicuousness for fish selectivity was evaluated with respect to changing Cladocera/Copepoda prey ratio. Feeding efficiency was additionally investigated in relation to feeding time (5, 10, 20 min) and prey density (approx. 50, 200, 700 ind. L−1). In Říov Reservoir, the diet of both fish species was nearly exclusively composed of crustacean zooplankton. In roach, diet shifted from rotifers and bosminids in May, towards Daphnia sp. and Leptodora kindtii in June and July. Daphnia contributed almost exclusively to the roach diet since June, composing on average more than 94% of total prey. Cyclopoid copepods, occurred in the roach’s diet only on the first sampling date; later on both cyclopoid and calanoid copepods were completely absent. On the other hand, copepods played an important role in the diet of perch. In early and mid-June when their share in the zooplankton was particularly high, copepods contributed by more than 50% to the diet of perch. Although their contribution dropped with their decline in zooplankton in June/July, by the end of July they again comprised about one third of perch’s diet. In both fish species, the increase in numbers of cladocerans in their diet was related to increase in SL. In roach, the numbers of consumed prey were doubled every twenty days during the investigated period. In perch the increase was not so consistent, but significantly higher efficiency of perch was reported on three out of six sampling dates. In laboratory experiments, roach showed a distinct avoidance for copepods and a preference for cladocerans. Both prey categories were only fed non-selectively when they dominated the prey mixture. Perch selectivity was more diversified. Contrary to roach, perch were fed copepods non-selectively on a balanced prey ratio. Further, with an increasing share of Cladocera, a situation resembling that of roach and Copepoda was avoided. However, when the share of copepods in the prey mixture dropped below ten percent, they were consumed non-selectively and with their ongoing decline in the prey mixture their preference even increased. Feeding efficiency differed significantly between perch and roach when foraging on copepods exclusively or on a prey mixture where copepods predominated. In the short time feeding experiment (5 min) with copepods, perch consumed on average 5.9 times more prey than roach. Although roach increased their success with increasing time it was still 1.7 times greater than for perch in the long time feeding experiment (20 min). Total numbers of prey consumed were positively affected by prey density and feeding time. With increasing feeding time, the consumption rate generally declined. With a fourfold increase in feeding time, the numbers of consumed prey increased on average only two times. Only in roach feeding on copepods did the numbers of prey consumed per minute of feeding increase with increasing feeding time. However, the overall numbers were low. Differences in feeding selectivity and efficiency between perch and roach juveniles were found to be significant both in the field and laboratory experiments. In roach, selectivity was determined solely by prey evasiveness. By contrast, perch’s selectivity was influenced by prey movement conspicuousness; prey escape abilities did not play an important role. Perch were more efficient foragers on evasive prey, but its feeding efficiency for non-evasive prey was not lower than that of roach. According to our observations, we suggest feeding behaviour to be responsible for the roach’s inefficiency in capturing evasive copepods.

INFLUENCE OF HUMIDITY ON THE PREDACEOUS MITE MELICHARES DENTRITICUS (BERLESE) (ACARINA : ACEOSEJIDAE)

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 761-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Rivard
Keyword(s):  
Food Product ◽  
Prey Population ◽  
Oviposition Period ◽  
Predator Population ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Tyrophagus Putrescentiae ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Predaceous Mite

The predaceous mite Melichares dentriticus (Berlese) was reared individually on larvae and protonymphs of the stored food product mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) at 68.0° F and 70, 80, 90, and 100% R.H. Survival and speed of development of the immature stages increased slightly with the humidity. Longevity of adult females was similar at different humidities, though the oviposition period was much shorter at 70% R.H. More eggs were laid at 100% R.H., but then the peak of laying occurred later in the oviposition period. The rate of increase of the predator population was altered very little by different humidities in comparison with that of the prey population and thus, assuming that these rates are an accurate guide to the outcome of the interaction, the population of the prey should be better controlled at lower humidities.

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