An immersion cryostat for mounting a high-pressure optical cell surrounded by nonboiling liquid nitrogen

1996 ◽  
Vol 46 (S5) ◽  
pp. 2775-2776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ants Lõhmus ◽  
Arlentin Laisaar ◽  
Arvi Freiberg ◽  
Aleksandr Ellervee ◽  
Viktor Korrovits ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Optical Cell

Solid-phase polymerizations at high pressures

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 511 ◽  
Author(s):  
MG Bradbury ◽  
SD Hamann ◽  
M Linton
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Solid State ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Crystal Form ◽  
Optical Cell ◽  
Itaconic Anhydride ◽  
Temperature Requirements ◽  
Infrared Spectral

The following compounds have been found to polymerize spontaneously in the solid state at pressures in the range 10-50 kbar, at temperatures between 20 and 200�C: acrylamide, p-phenylstyrene, potassium p-styrenesulphonate, itaconic anhydride, maleic anhydride, maleimide, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalic acid, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, acenaphthylene, p-benzoquinone, N,N'-p-phenylene-dimaleimide, sulpholene, diphenylacetylene, 8-trioxan. The pressure-temperature requirements for polymerization have been determined in a high-pressure "squeezer" apparatus and in a diamond optical cell which permits infrared spectral analysis of a specimen while it is under compression. Apart from diphenylacetylene and trioxan, the compounds that polymerized were either monosubstituted ethylenes or cyclic 1,2-disubstituted ethylenes. Non-cyclic 1,2-disubstituted ethylenes and tri-substituted and tetra-substituted ethylenes failed to polymerize. There is evidence that shearing stresses played a part in some of the reactions. 1-Allyl-2-thiourea did not polymerize, but transformed from its stable crystal form I to the unstable modification 11.

Shape memory alloy activated high-pressure optical cell for biophysical studies

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 4249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack G. Zhou ◽  
Spiros Koulas ◽  
Parkson Lee-Gau Chong
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Shape Memory Alloy ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Optical Cell ◽  
Biophysical Studies

High-Pressure Optical Cell for Hydrate Measurements Using Raman Spectroscopy

2006 ◽  
Vol 912 (1) ◽  
pp. 983-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. THIEU ◽  
S. SUBRAMANIAN ◽  
S. O. COLGATE ◽  
E. D. SLOAN
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Optical Cell

Numerical and experimental analysis of hot dry rock fracturing stimulation with high-pressure abrasive liquid nitrogen jet

2018 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 156-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shikun Zhang ◽  
Zhongwei Huang ◽  
Pengpeng Huang ◽  
Xiaoguang Wu ◽  
Chao Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Experimental Analysis ◽  
Rock Fracturing ◽  
Hot Dry Rock

Miniature optical cell for spectrophotometry under high pressure

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 379-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Arabas ◽  
P. Butz ◽  
C. Merkel ◽  
Z. Spolnicki ◽  
J. Szczepek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Optical Cell

Design, Simulation and Testing of Shape Memory Alloy Actuator for Mixing Two Solutions in High-Pressure Optical Cell for Biophysical Studies

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongchun Xie ◽  
Jack Zhou ◽  
Parkson Chong
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Shape Memory Alloy ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Nickel Titanium ◽  
Intensity Change ◽  
Optical Cell ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Spring Force ◽  
Heat Response ◽  
Sma Spring

Window-type high-pressure optical cells (HPOC) such as the one designed by Paladini and Weber [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 52, (1981) p. 419] have provided biophysicists a powerful tool to understand the structure-function relationships of biological molecules. However, the conventional HPOC is only good for single solution testing and does not allow for quick mixing and stirring of additional components while the sample is under pressure. To mix two solutions under pressure, Zhou et al [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, (1998) p. 3958] developed a laser activated dual chamber HPOC. However, the expensive laser device and its unavailability in most laboratories make the application difficult. In a later study, Zhou et al. [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, (2000) p. 4249] introduced shape memory alloy (SMA) as an actuator to unplug a urethane stopper with a biasing spring for agitation. The drawback is that the biasing spring blocks the observing light beam and creates unwanted reflections. This research is to construct an actuator with concentric SMA spring and compressive biasing spring: an SMA helical tensile spring to pull out the stopper to let two solutions mix; and a helical compressive spring to bias and to agitate solutions, and to leave the lower half cuvette clear for optical observation. Due to the limited space in the cuvette, the alignment of two springs is critical for both motion and heat response to activate each spring separately. This paper discusses the design of SMA actuator, SMA spring testing and mixing testing by the SMA spring actuator. Since SMA (nickel-titanium) spring is not solderable and crimping method is limited due to the space, a conductive adhesive is used not only to fix the alignment between springs and cap, but also to conduct electric current. Spring force testing was done by INSTRON. Mixing testing used flourescein intensity change to trace the mixing process. The bio-compatibility of the nickel-titanium SMA with proteins and phospholipids has also been tested.

A Smart Actuator Design for Multiple Bio-Reagent Mixing in a High Pressure Optical Cell for Bio-Physical Research Applications

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Xie ◽  
Parkson Lee-Gau Chong ◽  
Jack Zhou
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Structure Function ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Optical Cell ◽  
Helical Springs ◽  
Smart Actuator ◽  
Function Relationship ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Actuator Design

During the past two decades, bio-physicists have had an increasing interest in finding out what happens when two bio-material solutions are mixed under high pressure. Compared to temperature, pressure makes more contributions to our fundamental understanding of the structure-function relationship of biological systems, because pressure produces only volume changes under isothermal conditions, and pressure results can then be interpreted in a more straightforward manner. Window-type High Pressure Optical Cell (HPOC) such as the one designed by Paladini and Weber have provided biophysicists with a powerful tool to understanding the structure-function relationships of biological molecules. However, the conventional HPOC is only good for single solution testing and does not allow for quick mixing and stirring of additional components while the specimen is under pressure. This research is to thoroughly study the feasibility of Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) as an actuator to perform mixing and agitation functions; and five types of SMA actuators were designed, simulated and tested for unplugging and mixing purposes. To conduct this research, SMA helical springs were fabricated in house according to the design requirements. With different combinations of SMA tensile springs, SMA compressive spring and biasing spring, significant ranges of vibration were developed. To further improving mixing process, a unique hybrid design of SMA as an actuator to unplug the stopper and micromotor as a stir device to agitate the solutions was developed. Rapid mixing of 95% of total solution in 10 seconds was achieved under 300 bars. A new HPOC was designed according to the new cuvette with its new unplug and mixing mechanism. Our industrial partner, ISS, further modified our design for easy manufacturing reason and fabricated the HPOC which made SMA actuator mixing test under pressure possible. A complete testing of the new HPOC system to observe bio-reagent mixing and reaction under high pressure was conducted and the results were satisfactory.

New instrument design of high pressure optical cell for biophysical and chemical research

1998 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 3958-3965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack G. Zhou ◽  
Alan Ostrow ◽  
Spiros Koulas ◽  
Parkson Lee-Gau Chong
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Instrument Design ◽  
Chemical Research ◽  
Optical Cell ◽  
New Instrument
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