New instrument design of high pressure optical cell for biophysical and chemical research

1998 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 3958-3965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack G. Zhou ◽  
Alan Ostrow ◽  
Spiros Koulas ◽  
Parkson Lee-Gau Chong
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Instrument Design ◽  
Chemical Research ◽  
Optical Cell ◽  
New Instrument

scholarly journals Ethyl alcohol, a product of high pressure syntheses

1931 ◽  
Vol 131 (818) ◽  
pp. 533-540 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Catalytic Reactions ◽  
Chemical Research ◽  
Chemical Research Laboratory ◽  
Pressure Synthesis ◽  
Corroborative Evidence ◽  
Made In

In opening the “discussion on catalytic reactions at high pressures,” one of us (G. T. M.) referred to experiments made in the Chemical Research Laboratory of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research which had led to the isolation of notable quantities of ethyl alcohol among the condensation products from carbon monoxide and hydrogen interacting at high temperatures and pressures in presence of catalysts. These experiments were first described in March, 1928, and since that date statements have appeared in the scientific press to the effect that ethyl alcohol is a possible exception to the whole sequence of higher alcohols which can be produced by such interactions. Moreover during the above-mentioned discussion Mr. M. P. Appleby, speaking on behalf of the Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., Billingham, said “that in our experience we have never succeeded in obtaining, with any catalyst whatsoever, more than a mere trace of ethyl alcohol.” To the latter statement we take no exception whatever. It is a record of personal experience. But we felt that it was desirable to substantiate our earlier experiments by such corroborative evidence as would leave no doubt that ethyl alcohol is a product of high pressure synthesis.

scholarly journals Lab in a DAC – high-pressure crystal chemistry in a diamond-anvil cell

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 918-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Katrusiak
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Diamond Anvil Cell ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Elevated Pressure ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Chemical Research ◽  
New Era ◽  
New Information ◽  
Intermolecular Contacts ◽  
Diamond Anvil

The diamond-anvil cell (DAC) was invented 60 years ago, ushering in a new era for material sciences, extending research into the dimension of pressure. Most structural determinations and chemical research have been conducted at ambient pressure, i.e. the atmospheric pressure on Earth. However, modern experimental techniques are capable of generating pressure and temperature higher than those at the centre of Earth. Such extreme conditions can be used for obtaining unprecedented chemical compounds, but, most importantly, all fundamental phenomena can be viewed and understood from a broader perspective. This knowledge, in turn, is necessary for designing new generations of materials and applications, for example in the pharmaceutical industry or for obtaining super-hard materials. The high-pressure chambers in the DAC are already used for a considerable variety of experiments, such as chemical reactions, crystallizations, measurements of electric, dielectric and magnetic properties, transformations of biological materials as well as experiments on living tissue. Undoubtedly, more applications involving elevated pressure will follow. High-pressure methods become increasingly attractive, because they can reduce the sample volume and compress the intermolecular contacts to values unattainable by other methods, many times stronger than at low temperature. The compressed materials reveal new information about intermolecular interactions and new phases of single- and multi-component compounds can be obtained. At the same time, high-pressure techniques, and particularly those of X-ray diffraction using the DAC, have been considerably improved and many innovative developments implemented. Increasingly more equipment of in-house laboratories, as well as the instrumentation of beamlines at synchrotrons and thermal neutron sources are dedicated to high-pressure research.

Solid-phase polymerizations at high pressures

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 511 ◽  
Author(s):  
MG Bradbury ◽  
SD Hamann ◽  
M Linton
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Solid State ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Crystal Form ◽  
Optical Cell ◽  
Itaconic Anhydride ◽  
Temperature Requirements ◽  
Infrared Spectral

The following compounds have been found to polymerize spontaneously in the solid state at pressures in the range 10-50 kbar, at temperatures between 20 and 200�C: acrylamide, p-phenylstyrene, potassium p-styrenesulphonate, itaconic anhydride, maleic anhydride, maleimide, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalic acid, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, acenaphthylene, p-benzoquinone, N,N'-p-phenylene-dimaleimide, sulpholene, diphenylacetylene, 8-trioxan. The pressure-temperature requirements for polymerization have been determined in a high-pressure "squeezer" apparatus and in a diamond optical cell which permits infrared spectral analysis of a specimen while it is under compression. Apart from diphenylacetylene and trioxan, the compounds that polymerized were either monosubstituted ethylenes or cyclic 1,2-disubstituted ethylenes. Non-cyclic 1,2-disubstituted ethylenes and tri-substituted and tetra-substituted ethylenes failed to polymerize. There is evidence that shearing stresses played a part in some of the reactions. 1-Allyl-2-thiourea did not polymerize, but transformed from its stable crystal form I to the unstable modification 11.

Shape memory alloy activated high-pressure optical cell for biophysical studies

2000 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 4249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack G. Zhou ◽  
Spiros Koulas ◽  
Parkson Lee-Gau Chong
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Shape Memory Alloy ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Optical Cell ◽  
Biophysical Studies

High-Pressure Optical Cell for Hydrate Measurements Using Raman Spectroscopy

2006 ◽  
Vol 912 (1) ◽  
pp. 983-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. THIEU ◽  
S. SUBRAMANIAN ◽  
S. O. COLGATE ◽  
E. D. SLOAN
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Optical Cell

Miniature optical cell for spectrophotometry under high pressure

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 379-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Arabas ◽  
P. Butz ◽  
C. Merkel ◽  
Z. Spolnicki ◽  
J. Szczepek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Optical Cell

Design, Simulation and Testing of Shape Memory Alloy Actuator for Mixing Two Solutions in High-Pressure Optical Cell for Biophysical Studies

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongchun Xie ◽  
Jack Zhou ◽  
Parkson Chong
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Shape Memory Alloy ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Nickel Titanium ◽  
Intensity Change ◽  
Optical Cell ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
Spring Force ◽  
Heat Response ◽  
Sma Spring

Window-type high-pressure optical cells (HPOC) such as the one designed by Paladini and Weber [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 52, (1981) p. 419] have provided biophysicists a powerful tool to understand the structure-function relationships of biological molecules. However, the conventional HPOC is only good for single solution testing and does not allow for quick mixing and stirring of additional components while the sample is under pressure. To mix two solutions under pressure, Zhou et al [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, (1998) p. 3958] developed a laser activated dual chamber HPOC. However, the expensive laser device and its unavailability in most laboratories make the application difficult. In a later study, Zhou et al. [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, (2000) p. 4249] introduced shape memory alloy (SMA) as an actuator to unplug a urethane stopper with a biasing spring for agitation. The drawback is that the biasing spring blocks the observing light beam and creates unwanted reflections. This research is to construct an actuator with concentric SMA spring and compressive biasing spring: an SMA helical tensile spring to pull out the stopper to let two solutions mix; and a helical compressive spring to bias and to agitate solutions, and to leave the lower half cuvette clear for optical observation. Due to the limited space in the cuvette, the alignment of two springs is critical for both motion and heat response to activate each spring separately. This paper discusses the design of SMA actuator, SMA spring testing and mixing testing by the SMA spring actuator. Since SMA (nickel-titanium) spring is not solderable and crimping method is limited due to the space, a conductive adhesive is used not only to fix the alignment between springs and cap, but also to conduct electric current. Spring force testing was done by INSTRON. Mixing testing used flourescein intensity change to trace the mixing process. The bio-compatibility of the nickel-titanium SMA with proteins and phospholipids has also been tested.

scholarly journals Design and Optimization of a High-Time-Resolution Magnetic Plasma Analyzer (MPA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 8483
Author(s):  
Benjamin Criton ◽  
Georgios Nicolaou ◽  
Daniel Verscharen
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Time Resolution ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Instrument Design ◽  
High Time ◽  
Acquisition Time ◽  
High Time Resolution ◽  
Design And Optimization ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Α Particles

In-situ measurements of space plasma throughout the solar system require high time resolution to understand the plasma’s kinetic fine structure and evolution. In this context, research is conducted to design instruments with the capability to acquire the plasma velocity distribution and its moments with high cadence. We study a new instrument design, using a constant magnetic field generated by two permanent magnets, to analyze solar wind protons and α-particles with high time resolution. We determine the optimal configuration of the instrument in terms of aperture size, sensor position, pixel size and magnetic field strength. We conduct this analysis based on analytical calculations and SIMION simulations of the particle trajectories in our instrument. We evaluate the velocity resolution of the instrument as well as Poisson errors associated with finite counting statistics. Our instrument is able to resolve Maxwellian and κ-distributions for both protons and α-particles. This method retrieves measurements of the moments (density, bulk speed and temperature) with a relative error below 1%. Our instrument design achieves these results with an acquisition time of only 5 ms, significantly faster than state-of-the-art electrostatic analyzers. Although the instrument only acquires one-dimensional cuts of the distribution function in velocity space, the simplicity and reliability of the presented instrument concept are two key advantages of our new design.

A Smart Actuator Design for Multiple Bio-Reagent Mixing in a High Pressure Optical Cell for Bio-Physical Research Applications

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Xie ◽  
Parkson Lee-Gau Chong ◽  
Jack Zhou
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Structure Function ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Optical Cell ◽  
Helical Springs ◽  
Smart Actuator ◽  
Function Relationship ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Actuator Design

During the past two decades, bio-physicists have had an increasing interest in finding out what happens when two bio-material solutions are mixed under high pressure. Compared to temperature, pressure makes more contributions to our fundamental understanding of the structure-function relationship of biological systems, because pressure produces only volume changes under isothermal conditions, and pressure results can then be interpreted in a more straightforward manner. Window-type High Pressure Optical Cell (HPOC) such as the one designed by Paladini and Weber have provided biophysicists with a powerful tool to understanding the structure-function relationships of biological molecules. However, the conventional HPOC is only good for single solution testing and does not allow for quick mixing and stirring of additional components while the specimen is under pressure. This research is to thoroughly study the feasibility of Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) as an actuator to perform mixing and agitation functions; and five types of SMA actuators were designed, simulated and tested for unplugging and mixing purposes. To conduct this research, SMA helical springs were fabricated in house according to the design requirements. With different combinations of SMA tensile springs, SMA compressive spring and biasing spring, significant ranges of vibration were developed. To further improving mixing process, a unique hybrid design of SMA as an actuator to unplug the stopper and micromotor as a stir device to agitate the solutions was developed. Rapid mixing of 95% of total solution in 10 seconds was achieved under 300 bars. A new HPOC was designed according to the new cuvette with its new unplug and mixing mechanism. Our industrial partner, ISS, further modified our design for easy manufacturing reason and fabricated the HPOC which made SMA actuator mixing test under pressure possible. A complete testing of the new HPOC system to observe bio-reagent mixing and reaction under high pressure was conducted and the results were satisfactory.

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