Systematic analysis of glycosphingolipids in the human gastrointestinal tract: Enrichment of sulfatides with hydroxylated longer-chain fatty acids in the gastric and duodenal mucosa

Lipids ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 737-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitomi Natomi ◽  
Toshihito Saitoh ◽  
Kentaro Sugano ◽  
Masao Iwamori ◽  
Masahisa Fukayama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Duodenal Mucosa ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

scholarly journals Short-chain fatty acids: nutritional strategies to modulate intestinal microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 141-144
Author(s):  
Marcos Porto Arrais de Souza ◽  
Morgana Andrade Freitas ◽  
Carla Braga Campelo de Oliveira ◽  
Lorena Almeida Brito ◽  
Julio Cesar Chaves Nunes Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Soluble Fiber ◽  
Fatty Acid Production ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Nutritional Strategies ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Introduction: The intestinal microbiota has been the subject of research due to its association in physiological and pathological conditions. The production of short chain fatty acids obtained by fermentation of the intestinal microbiota has shown important effects on the gastrointestinal tract, adipose tissue, immune system and nervous system. Objective: This literature review aims to present different nutritional strategies with the potential to modulate the intestinal microbiota by increasing the production of short chain fatty acids. Methods: The research was considered a review work, through a bibliographic survey carried out from the collection of articles in English, published in the PubMed database, in the period from 2013 to 2020. The articles were selected from the descriptors: gut microbiota, soluble fiber, resistent starch, pectin, dietary fiber, short chain fatty acids (SCFA) with the combinations of the Boolean operators “and” and “or”. Studies considered as gray literature were excluded, as well as studies in which the titles were not related to the theme of the proposed research. Results: There are many benefits to consuming foods that may favor the increase of short chain fatty acids. This increase in the gastrointestinal tract is of fundamental importance for the maintenance of intestinal microbiota and prevention of diseases. Some nutritional strategies can be used in clinical therapy, such as increased consumption of fruits, vegetables and whole grains that are plant foods and important sources of fiber. The type of food must be observed, since each one can contain fibers of diverse types. Soluble fiber is the basis for the metabolization of short chain fatty acids and is found in various foods that can be inserted into the food plan, such as: bananas, apples, oats, barley, cooked and cooled potatoes, partially ground seeds, corn, morning cereal, agave, artichoke, asparagus, chicory root, garlic, onion, leeks and wheat. Conclusion: Scientific evidence of the relationship between nutrition, intestinal microbiota and short-chain fatty acid production demonstrates the importance of implementing simple nutritional strategies by health professionals, which can contribute to the modulation of the intestinal microbiota and the development of new perspectives in the development of therapies for prevention and treatment of diseases.

Distribution of Glutaminase and Glutamine Synthetase Activities in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract

1998 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. James ◽  
P. G. Lunn ◽  
S. Middleton ◽  
M. Elia
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Glutamine Synthetase ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Duodenal Mucosa ◽  
Glutamine Metabolism ◽  
Duodenal Juice ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Wet Weight

1. The activities of the two key enzymes involved in glutamine metabolism, glutaminase and glutamine synthetase, were measured in mucosal biopsies taken from different sites throughout the human gastrointestinal tract, from oesophagus to rectum. 2. The specific activity of glutamine synthetase was highest in the stomach (4.5 nmol glutamine formed per minute per mg of protein), but both small and large intestine and the oesophagus had little synthesizing capacity (less than 0.3 nmol of glutamine formed per minute per mg of protein). 3. Glutaminase specific activity was highest in the small intestine (53 nmol glutamate formed per minute per mg of protein by duodenal mucosa), intermediate in the large intestine and lowest in the oesophagus and stomach (less than 13 nmol of glutamate formed per minute per mg of protein). 4. The glutamine concentration in the mucosa was lower in the duodenum than in the colon (0.62 and 0.95 mmol/kg wet weight respectively), but both were much lower than the measured Km values of glutaminases obtained from these sites (3.8 and 4.0 mmol/kg wet weight respectively). 5. The concentration of glutamine in saliva, stomach juice, bile and duodenal juice suggests that very little glutamine passes into the gastrointestinal tract via these secretions. 6. The study provides the most complete information on the distribution of glutamine synthetase and glutaminase along the human gastrointestinal tract, and suggests that (i) both the small and large intestines have a high potential for glutamine metabolism, but little synthesizing capacity, thus both must derive their glutamine from other sources, and (ii) neither the stomach nor the oesophagus have a high glutaminase activity, although the stomach has substantial capacity to synthesize glutamine. The distribution of the enzymes along the gastrointestinal tract may help rationalize the use of glutamine for treating diseases that affect different parts of the gastrointestinal tract.

scholarly journals Motor effects of short-chain fatty acids and lactate in the gastrointestinal tract

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Cherbut
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Colonic Motility ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Motor Effects ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) affect local and remote motility of the gastrointestinal tract by mechanisms that are not completely understood. In the large intestine where they are produced, they inhibit peristaltic activity and may stimulate tonic activity. When present in the terminal ileum as a result of reflux of colon contents, they elicit propulsive contractions. These local motor effects could involve a neuro-hormonal sensory mechanism located in the mucosa of the terminal ileum and proximal colon. Finally, through a humoral pathway probably involving polypeptide YY release, ileal and colonic SCFA modify upper motility by inducing relaxation of the proximal stomach and lower oesophageal sphincter and reducing gastric emptying. One characteristic feature of the SCFA effects is the dose-dependency of the gastrointestinal motor responses. Indeed, the effects occur only below or above a threshold of SCFA concentration in lumen contents. One putative physiological role of the motor effects of SCFA might be to maintain the physico-chemical balance of the lumen environment in the terminal ileum and proximal colon. Another role might be to co-regulate motility of the upper intestine. The clinical relevance of these effects is unclear. However, some recent findings suggest that excessive SCFA concentrations might induce adverse effects on gastrointestinal and colonic motility and sensitivity in certain diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.

scholarly journals Branched Chain Fatty Acids Are Constituents of the Normal Healthy Newborn Gastrointestinal Tract

2008 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 605-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rinat R Ran-Ressler ◽  
Srisatish Devapatla ◽  
Peter Lawrence ◽  
J Thomas Brenna
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Healthy Newborn ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

scholarly journals Impact of Phlorotannin Extracts from Fucus vesiculosus on Human Gut Microbiota

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 375
Author(s):  
Marcelo D. Catarino ◽  
Catarina Marçal ◽  
Teresa Bonifácio-Lopes ◽  
Débora Campos ◽  
Nuno Mateus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Fucus Vesiculosus ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Brown Seaweeds ◽  
Enterococcus Spp ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Recent studies indicate that plant polyphenols could be pointed as potential prebiotic candidates since they may interact with the gut microbiota, stimulating its growth and the production of metabolites. However, little is known about the fate of brown seaweeds’ phlorotannins during their passage throughout the gastrointestinal tract. This work aimed to evaluate the stability and bioaccessibility of Fucus vesiculosus phlorotannins after being submitted to a simulated digestive process, as well as their possible modulatory effects on gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids production following a fermentation procedure using fecal inoculates to mimic the conditions of the large intestine. The stability of phlorotannins throughout the gastrointestinal tract was reduced, with a bioaccessibility index between 2 and 14%. Moreover, slight alterations in the growth of certain commensal bacteria were noticed, with Enterococcus spp. being the most enhanced group. Likewise, F. vesiculosus phlorotannins displayed striking capacity to enhance the levels of propionate and butyrate, which are two important short-chain fatty acids known for their role in intestinal homeostasis. In summary, this work provides valuable information regarding the behavior of F. vesiculosus phlorotannins along the gastrointestinal tract, presenting clear evidence that these compounds can positively contribute to the maintenance of a healthy gastrointestinal condition.

scholarly journals Colorectal cancer and microbiota modulation for clinical use. A systematic review.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Madrigal-Matute ◽  
Sara Banon-Escandell
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Colorectal cancer is one of the top contributors to the global burden of cancer incidence and mortality with genetic and environmental factors contributing to its etiology. Modifiable or environmental factors can be the cause of up to 60% of the risk of developing colorectal cancer. Hence, there is a growing interest in specifically defining what can be improved in our lifestyle to reduce this risk, improve the effectiveness of treatments, reduce side effects, and decrease the risk of recurrence. One of the elements directly related to lifestyle is gut microbiota. The microbial ecosystem has a vital role in colorectal cancer prevention and antitumoral response through modulation of the immune system and production of short-chain fatty acids. Numerous approaches have been used to identify healthy microbiota that can reduce the risk of cancer development, improve treatment efficacy, and reduce side effects. Scientific literature in this subject is growing exponentially and, therefore, systematic reviews and meta-analysis are required to ensure that appropriate recommendations are given to patients. This work aimed to perform a systematic analysis of the published literature to elucidate whether microbiota modulation through pre-, pro-, symbiotic treatment and/or nutritional intervention can be beneficial for patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Detailed analysis of published studies shows that some prebiotics, such as inulin and resistant starch, probiotics such as lactic strains producers of short-chain fatty acids, and consumption of unprocessed plant products, can be effective recommendations for patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer. This advice should always be individually tailored and followed up by a healthcare professional with expertise in the field.

scholarly journals Metabolic control via nutrient-sensing mechanisms: role of taste receptors and the gut-brain neuroendocrine axis

2019 ◽  
Vol 317 (4) ◽  
pp. E559-E572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fitore Raka ◽  
Sarah Farr ◽  
Jacalyn Kelly ◽  
Alexandra Stoianov ◽  
Khosrow Adeli
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Glucose Sensing ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Taste Receptors ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Nutrient sensing plays an important role in ensuring that appropriate digestive or hormonal responses are elicited following the ingestion of fuel substrates. Mechanisms of nutrient sensing in the oral cavity have been fairly well characterized and involve lingual taste receptors. These include heterodimers of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of the taste receptor type 1 (T1R) family for sensing sweet (T1R2-T1R3) and umami (T1R1-T1R3) stimuli, the T2R family for sensing bitter stimuli, and ion channels for conferring sour and salty tastes. In recent years, several studies have revealed the existence of additional nutrient-sensing mechanisms along the gastrointestinal tract. Glucose sensing is achieved by the T1R2-T1R3 heterodimer on enteroendocrine cells, which plays a role in triggering the secretion of incretin hormones for improved glycemic and lipemic control. Protein hydrolysates are detected by Ca2+-sensing receptor, the T1R1-T1R3 heterodimer, and G protein-coupled receptor 92/93 (GPR92/93), which leads to the release of the gut-derived satiety factor cholecystokinin. Furthermore, several GPCRs have been implicated in fatty acid sensing: GPR40 and GPR120 respond to medium- and long-chain fatty acids, GPR41 and GPR43 to short-chain fatty acids, and GPR119 to endogenous lipid derivatives. Aside from the recognition of fuel substrates, both the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract also possess T2R-mediated mechanisms of recognizing nonnutrients such as environmental contaminants, bacterial toxins, and secondary plant metabolites that evoke a bitter taste. These gastrointestinal sensing mechanisms result in the transmission of neuronal signals to the brain through the release of gastrointestinal hormones that act on vagal and enteric afferents to modulate the physiological response to nutrients, particularly satiety and energy homeostasis. Modulating these orally accessible nutrient-sensing pathways using particular foods, dietary supplements, or pharmaceutical compounds may have therapeutic potential for treating obesity and metabolic diseases.

scholarly journals Biogeography of microbiome and short-chain fatty acids in the gastrointestinal tract of duck

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (8) ◽  
pp. 4016-4027
Author(s):  
Hua Yang ◽  
Wentao Lyu ◽  
Lizhi Lu ◽  
Xingfen Shi ◽  
Na Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids
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