Behavior of microflow and localP O 2 of the brain cortex during and after direct electrical stimulation

1976 ◽  
Vol 366 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elfriede Leniger-Follert ◽  
Dietrich W. Lübbers
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Direct Electrical Stimulation ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Effect of Topical Adenosine Deaminase Treatment on the Functional Hyperemic and Hypoxic Responses of Cerebrocortical Microcirculation

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eörs Dóra ◽  
Ákos Koller ◽  
Arisztid G. B. Kovách
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Adenosine Deaminase ◽  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Direct Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Cyanide Poisoning ◽  
Vascular Volume ◽  
The Brain

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible importance of adenosine in cerebrocortical vasodilatation accompanying brain activation (epileptic seizures and direct electrical stimulation) and hypoxia (arterial hypoxia and cyanide poisoning of the brain cortex). In chloralose-anesthetized cats a circumscribed area of the brain cortex was treated with adenosine deaminase (Type III; Sigma), which potently deaminates adenosine to the nonvasoactive inosine. Cerebrocortical vascular volume and fluorescence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide were measured in vivo by surface fluororeflectometry. The responses of small pial and intracortical vessels to brain activation and hypoxia were studied in brain cortices superfused with artificial (mock) CSF and 5 U/ml adenosine deaminase. It was found that superficially applied adenosine deaminase readily diffuses onto the brain cortex. Prolonged pretreatment of the brain cortices with 0.025 U/ml adenosine deaminase eliminated almost completely the vasodilative effect of 10−7 mol/ml adenosine. The inhibitory effect of the enzyme on adenosine-induced cortical vasodilatation was specific, because 5 U/ml adenosine deaminase did not attenuate the vasodilative potency of 10−8 mol/ml 2-chloroadenosine. Adenosine deaminase (5 U/ml) pretreatment of the brain cortices did not diminish the cerebrocortical vascular volume, which increased with arterial hypoxia, topical cyanide poisoning, and direct electrical stimulation. However, it slightly decreased the vasodilative effect of epileptic seizures. On the basis of these results, it seems very unlikely that adenosine is a critical factor in the control of cerebrovascular tone during arterial hypoxia and brain activation.

scholarly journals White Matter Network Architecture Guides Direct Electrical Stimulation Through Optimal State Transitions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Stiso ◽  
Ankit N. Khambhati ◽  
Tommaso Menara ◽  
Ari E. Kahn ◽  
Joel M. Stein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Network Control ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Direct Electrical Stimulation ◽  
White Matter Tracts ◽  
The Brain

AbstractElectrical brain stimulation is currently being investigated as a potential therapy for neurological disease. However, opportunities to optimize and personalize such therapies are challenged by the fact that the beneficial impact (and potential side effects) of focal stimulation on both neighboring and distant regions is not well understood. Here, we use network control theory to build a formal model of brain network function that makes explicit predictions about how stimulation spreads through the brain’s white matter network and influences large-scale dynamics. We test these predictions using combined electrocorticography (ECoG) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) data from patients with medically refractory epilepsy undergoing evaluation for resective surgery, and who volunteered to participate in an extensive stimulation regimen. We posit a specific model-based manner in which white matter tracts constrain stimulation, defining its capacity to drive the brain to new states, including states associated with successful memory encoding. In a first validation of our model, we find that the true pattern of white matter tracts can be used to more accurately predict the state transitions induced by direct electrical stimulation than the artificial patterns of a topological or spatial network null model. We then use a targeted optimal control framework to solve for the optimal energy required to drive the brain to a given state. We show that, intuitively, our model predicts larger energy requirements when starting from states that are farther away from a target memory state. We then suggest testable hypotheses about which structural properties will lead to efficient stimulation for improving memory based on energy requirements. We show that the strength and homogeneity of edges between controlled and uncontrolled nodes, as well as the persistent modal controllability of the stimulated region, predict energy requirements. Our work demonstrates that individual white matter architecture plays a vital role in guiding the dynamics of direct electrical stimulation, more generally offering empirical support for the utility of network control theoretic models of brain response to stimulation.

The difference between electrical microstimulation and direct electrical stimulation – towards new opportunities for innovative functional brain mapping?

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Vincent ◽  
Olivier Rossel ◽  
Mitsuhiro Hayashibe ◽  
Guillaume Herbet ◽  
Hugues Duffau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Brain Mapping ◽  
Awake Surgery ◽  
Direct Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Electrical Microstimulation ◽  
Functional Brain Mapping ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
Stimulation Parameters ◽  
The Brain

AbstractBoth electrical microstimulation (EMS) and direct electrical stimulation (DES) of the brain are used to perform functional brain mapping. EMS is applied to animal fundamental neuroscience experiments, whereas DES is performed in the operating theatre on neurosurgery patients. The objective of the present review was to shed new light on electrical stimulation techniques in brain mapping by comparing EMS and DES. There is much controversy as to whether the use of DES during wide-awake surgery is the ‘gold standard’ for studying the brain function. As part of this debate, it is sometimes wrongly assumed that EMS and DES induce similar effects in the nervous tissues and have comparable behavioural consequences. In fact, the respective stimulation parameters in EMS and DES are clearly different. More surprisingly, there is no solid biophysical rationale for setting the stimulation parameters in EMS and DES; this may be due to historical, methodological and technical constraints that have limited the experimental protocols and prompted the use of empirical methods. In contrast, the gap between EMS and DES highlights the potential for new experimental paradigms in electrical stimulation for functional brain mapping. In view of this gap and recent technical developments in stimulator design, it may now be time to move towards alternative, innovative protocols based on the functional stimulation of peripheral nerves (for which a more solid theoretical grounding exists).

scholarly journals Understanding Variable Motor Responses to Direct Electrical Stimulation of the Human Motor Cortex During Brain Surgery

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Aaronson ◽  
Eduardo Martinez Del Campo ◽  
Timothy F. Boerger ◽  
Brian Conway ◽  
Sarah Cornell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
Direct Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Human Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Direct electrical stimulation of the brain is the gold standard technique used to define functional-anatomical relationships during neurosurgical procedures. Areas that respond to stimulation are considered “critical nodes” of circuits that must remain intact for the subject to maintain the ability to perform certain functions, like moving and speaking. Despite its routine use, the neurophysiology underlying downstream motor responses to electrical stimulation of the brain, such as muscle contraction or movement arrest, is poorly understood. Furthermore, varying and sometimes counterintuitive responses can be seen depending on how and where the stimulation is applied, even within the human primary motor cortex. Therefore, here we review relevant neuroanatomy of the human motor system, provide a brief historical perspective on electrical brain stimulation, explore mechanistic variations in stimulation applications, examine neurophysiological properties of different parts of the motor system, and suggest areas of future research that can promote a better understanding of the interaction between electrical stimulation of the brain and its function.

Case report: Remote neuromodulation with direct electrical stimulation of the brain, as evidenced by intra-operative EEG recordings during wide-awake neurosurgery

2016 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 1752-1754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Vincent ◽  
Olivier Rossel ◽  
Bénédicte Poulin-Charronnat ◽  
Guillaume Herbet ◽  
Mitsuhiro Hayashibe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Direct Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Eeg Recordings ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Wide Awake ◽  
Stimulation Of
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