Two alternatives of magnetic cumulation

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 792-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. I. Bichenkov
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Cumulation ◽  
Two Alternatives

Methods for Restricting Maximum Exposure Rate in Computerized Adaptative Testing

Methodology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Ramon Barrada ◽  
Julio Olea ◽  
Vicente Ponsoda
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
Computerized Adaptive Testing ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Adaptive Testing ◽  
Exposure Rate ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Two Alternatives ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Maximum Exposure

Abstract. The Sympson-Hetter (1985) method provides a means of controlling maximum exposure rate of items in Computerized Adaptive Testing. Through a series of simulations, control parameters are set that mark the probability of administration of an item on being selected. This method presents two main problems: it requires a long computation time for calculating the parameters and the maximum exposure rate is slightly above the fixed limit. Van der Linden (2003) presented two alternatives which appear to solve both of the problems. The impact of these methods in the measurement accuracy has not been tested yet. We show how these methods over-restrict the exposure of some highly discriminating items and, thus, the accuracy is decreased. It also shown that, when the desired maximum exposure rate is near the minimum possible value, these methods offer an empirical maximum exposure rate clearly above the goal. A new method, based on the initial estimation of the probability of administration and the probability of selection of the items with the restricted method ( Revuelta & Ponsoda, 1998 ), is presented in this paper. It can be used with the Sympson-Hetter method and with the two van der Linden's methods. This option, when used with Sympson-Hetter, speeds the convergence of the control parameters without decreasing the accuracy.

A comparison of two alternatives for presenting a situational picture

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carin Rencrantz ◽  
Jan Andersson ◽  
Jens Alfredson ◽  
Jenny Lindoff
Keyword(s):  
Two Alternatives

Ecological Limits and the Meaning of Freedom: A Defense of Liberty as Non-Domination

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augustin Fragnière
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
Environmental Policies ◽  
Environmental Constraints ◽  
Political Arena ◽  
Individual Liberty ◽  
Philosophical Debate ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Global Environmental Problems ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Two Alternatives

It is now widely acknowledged that global environmental problems raise pressing social and political issues, but relatively little philosophical attention has been paid to their bearing on the concept of liberty. This must surprise us, because the question of whether environmental policies are at odds with individual liberty is bound to be controversial in the political arena. First, this article explains why a thorough philosophical debate about the relation between liberty and environmental constraints is needed. Second, based on Philip Pettit’s typology of liberty, it assesses how different conceptions of liberty fare in a context of stringent ecological limits. Indeed, a simple conceptual analysis shows that some conceptions of liberty are more compatible than others with such limits, and with the policies necessary to avoid overshooting them. The article concludes that Pettit’s conception of liberty as non-domination is more compatible with the existence of stringent ecological limits than the two alternatives considered.

Integrating PET/CT unit into the NHS of a small sized EU state: A financial cost efficiency study

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
K Giannakou ◽  
D Kefallonitou ◽  
I Polycarpou ◽  
K Souliotis
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Alternative Possibilities ◽  
Financial Cost ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
Investment Cost ◽  
Two Alternatives

Abstract Background According to the Ministry of Health in Cyprus, since 2009, every year more than 3.000 new incidents with neoplasm are diagnosed. The National Health System (NHS) of Cyprus aims to offer adequate health services, comparing them with European Union standards. However, it is lacking a Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (PET/CT) unit. The present study aims to examine whether an investment by the Cyprus NHS of a PET/CT unit can be financially sustainable. Methods A financial analysis of the operating revenues and expenses of a departmental PET/CT with F18-FDG was performed taking into consideration all related parameters. A detailed estimation of the unit's operation expenses (PET/CT unit supply, overheads, salaries, etc.) and incomes was produced for a 15-year period. This initial scenario was not financially viable and therefore two alternatives are also examined. Results After performing a detailed analysis and projection for the evaluation of the feasibility study in the initial scenario, the overall outcome is estimated negative deriving to a €2,2 million losses in the cumulative results by 2035. The second scenario concluded that the required number of incidents to reach a neutral cash flow after a 15-year period should increase from 8.971 to 23.430. The third scenario reached the conclusion that a parallel investment to the purchase of the PET/CT unit by installing a cyclotron unit in the Cypriot NHS provides cumulative results positive of €1,7 million for the PET/CT, in the same period, that can finance the largest part of the €2,5 million required for the installation of the cyclotron unit. Conclusions Our findings show that an investment of a sole PET/CT unit is not a financially viable. Alternative possibilities such as usage of a PET/CT operated by the private sector or supporting patients to travel to another country are within the economic terms recommended. Key messages From a financial viewpoint, the scenario of investing in a PET/CT unit by the Cyprus NHS is not viable. Examining alternative options for patients in need of a PET/CT unit, where the initial investment cost for the state is not financially viable.

Economic Analysis of Tank Coatings for Tankers in Clean Service

1965 ◽  
Vol 2 (04) ◽  
pp. 380-389
Author(s):  
E. Lee Purlee ◽  
Walter A. Leyland ◽  
W. E. McPherson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Zinc Silicate ◽  
Silicate Coating ◽  
Economic Analyses ◽  
Two Alternatives

An economic analysis has been made of a hypothetical 30,000-dwt tanker operated in continuous, clean service. Under the premise that the ship will continue to operate throughout her remaining book-life in predominantly clean service, two alternatives are considered. Alternative I: Conventional corrosion policy is continued. Annual shipyard repair, including steel renewals and maintenance are performed to the extent required. Alternative II: The required steel renewals are made at the end of the fifth year of service and all tanks are coated with a zinc silicate coating. Annual shipyard repairs and maintenance are subsequently performed to the extent required. In general, the methods consisted of (a) generating steel-renewal requirements by appropriate simulations for the 20 years' book-life of the vessel, and (b) conducting economic analyses of alternatives I and II for comparison. The results of this study indicate that coating the tanks in accordance with alternative II represents a net saving of $998,301 by the end of the vessel's book-life. The payout time on the coating investment was found to be 6.6 years with an average, annual return on the coating investment of 21.9 percent.

Rejecting options from large and small choice sets: the mediating role of confidence

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (9/10) ◽  
pp. 1845-1863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Chan ◽  
Yitong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Focus ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Choice Overload ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Decision Confidence ◽  
Selection Decisions ◽  
Choice Sets ◽  
Two Alternatives

Purpose Literature on choice has predominantly focused on selection decisions rather than rejection decisions. Research on rejection decisions has also only studied rejecting one option from two alternatives. This research aims to study the differences in decision confidence and satisfaction in rejection decisions between choice sets of small and large sizes. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted three behavioral experiments in which they first tested the overall effect (Experiment 1) and then found out whether regulatory focus (Experiment 2) and the attractiveness of options (Experiment 3) moderated it. Findings The authors observed that decision satisfaction increased when rejecting larger (vs smaller) choice sets. Decision confidence mediated it (Experiment 1). The effect was strongest when participants had a prevention focus (Experiment 2) and when they were rejecting relatively unattractive options (Experiment 3). Research limitations/implications This research expands the understanding of how individuals make rejection-based decisions and in particular how individuals make choices for one option out of many as in the selection-based choice overload literature. Practical implications The authors show how choice sets of varying sizes affect rejection decisions commonly faced by managers and consumers. This research provides implications for improving confidence and satisfaction, both of which are important elements of everyday decision-making, by suggesting that choice outcomes may differ depending on whether one is making a selection or a rejection decision and whether the choice set size is small or large. Originality/value This is the first study to examine rejection decisions with more than two alternatives. The findings complement the large body of work on the choice overload effect that focuses on selection decisions.

Preference for Predictable Small Rewards over Unpredictable Larger Rewards

1984 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gene D. Steinhauer
Keyword(s):  
Reward Magnitude ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Frustration Theory ◽  
Equal Frequency ◽  
Theory Analysis ◽  
Clear Preference ◽  
Avoidance Tendency ◽  
Discrimination Procedure ◽  
Two Alternatives ◽  
Reinforcement Procedure

Numerous prior studies have reported that rats, pigeons, and humans prefer predictable over unpredictable rewards of equal frequency and magnitude. A frustration-theory analysis of this preference suggests that it obtains because the unpredictable partial reinforcement procedure is aversive whereas the predictable discrimination procedure loses its aversiveness. The preference, on such an analysis, arises due to the tendency to avoid the unpredictable of two alternatives. Since frustration varies as a function of magnitude of reward, the avoidance tendency should increase with increases in reward magnitude in the unpredictable alternative. One group of rats in the present study showed a clear preference for seven versus five 45-mg Noyes Pellets. A second group showed the oft reported preference for five pellets predictable versus five pellets unpredictable. A third group of rats showed a preference for a five-pellet predictable reward over a seven-pellet unpredictable reward. The results of this experiment provide evidence for a frustration-theory analysis of the preference for predictable reward.

Costly Voting

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilman Börgers
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Majority Voting ◽  
Voluntary Participation ◽  
Voting Rules ◽  
Value Model ◽  
Private Value ◽  
Two Alternatives ◽  
Costly Voting

What are good voting rules if voting is costly? We analyze this question for the case that an electorate chooses among two alternatives. In a symmetric private value model of voting we show that majority voting with voluntary participation Pareto-dominates majority voting with compulsory participation as well as random decision-making.

Perception of Risk as Related to Choice in a Two-Dimensional Risk Situation

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1059-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Dickson
Keyword(s):  
Risky Choice ◽  
Expected Value ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Choice Situation ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Objective Risk ◽  
Subjective Risk ◽  
Risk Situation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Two Alternatives

A risky choice was created by manipulating two dimensions of risk for 21 managers attending a conference. The first dimension varied risk by altering the difference in expected value between two alternatives of widely differing variance. The second dimension varied the expectancy of achieving a particular outcome. Whereas choice was significantly related to both dimensions of risk, it was not significantly related to estimates of the subjective risk inherent in the choice situation. It appears that subjective risk does not mediate between objective risk and choice.

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