A causal model of the size distribution of family income: Some overlooked determinants and policy implications

1980 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 32-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Nord ◽  
David L. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Causal Model ◽  
Policy Implications

Flock size and formation in black-billed gulls

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1806-1811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger M. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Causal Model ◽  
Causal Explanation ◽  
Flock Size ◽  
Group Foraging ◽  
Foraging Site ◽  
Site Tenacity

Black-billed gulls (Larus bulleri) depart form breeding colonies and foraging sites in nonrandom, clumped formations (flocks). Flocks leaving colonies were significantly smaller than those leaving foraging sites, in part owing to more "upflights" at foraging sites. When more birds left a colony per unit time, flocks were both larger and more frequent.A causal model was developed based on the assumptions that flock departures from a colony or foraging site result from the effects of social attractions superimposed on otherwise random departure intervals. This model successfully predicted the size distribution of flocks departing from four colonies and foraging sites. In conjunction with the concepts of site tenacity and habituation, the model also permits a causal explanation of differences in the size of flocks departing colonies compared with foraging sites, and of size differences in flocks arising from "upflights" as opposed to the more common "straggling" columnar formations. The model and results are consistent with the hypothesis that colonies function as assembly points that facilitate group foraging.

scholarly journals Resilience and Circularity: Revisiting the Role of Urban Village in Rural-Urban Migration in Beijing, China

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1284
Author(s):  
Ran Liu ◽  
Yuhang Jia
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Rural Land ◽  
Tenure Security ◽  
Rural Migrants ◽  
Urban Village ◽  
Rural Migrant ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

Recent policies in China have encouraged rural-urban circular migration and an “amphibious” and flexible status of settlement, reacting against the recent risks of economic fluctuation in cities. Rural land, as a form of insurance and welfare, can handle random hazards, and the new Land Management Law guarantees that rural migrants who settle in the city can maintain their rights to farmland, homesteads, and a collective income distribution. Existing studies have pointed out that homeland tenure can reduce migrants’ urban settlement intentions (which is a self-reported subjective perception of city life). However, little is known about how the rural-urban circularity and rural tenure system (especially for those still holding hometown lands in the countryside) affect rural migrants’ temporary urban settlements (especially for those preferring to stay in informal communities in the host city). The existing studies on the urban villages in China have focused only on the side of the receiving cities, but have rarely mentioned the other side of this process, focusing on migrants’ rural land tenure issues in their hometowns. This study discusses the rationale of informality (the urban village) and attests to whether, and to what extent, rural migrants’ retention of their hometown lands can affect their tenure security choices (urban village or not) in Chinese metropolises such as Beijing. Binary logistic regression was conducted and the data analysis proved that rural migrants who kept their hometown lands, compared to their land-loss counterparts, were more likely to live in a Beijing urban village. This displays the resilience and circularity of rural-urban migration in China, wherein the rural migrant households demonstrate the “micro-family economy”, maintaining tenure security in their hometown and avoiding the dissipation of their family income in their destination. The Discussion and Conclusions sections of this paper refer to some policy implications related to maintaining the rural-urban dual system, protecting rural migrant land rights, and beefing up the “opportunity structure” (including maintaining the low-rent areas in metropolises such as Beijing) in the 14th Five Year Plan period.

scholarly journals Family Income and Student Educational and Cognitive Outcomes in China: Exploring the Material and Psychosocial Mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 225
Author(s):  
Ming Wen ◽  
Weidong Wang ◽  
Neng Wan ◽  
Dejun Su
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Peer Influence ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Educational Aspirations ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Income Effects ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Home Based

Leveraging data from a nationally representative school-based adolescent survey, the current study aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of how family income is associated with multiple cognitive and educational outcomes in China and examine the underlying material and psychosocial mechanisms. We found robust associations of family income with school grades, cognitive ability, and study attitude, but not with homework engagement. Moreover, we found that home amenities, i.e., measuring home-based material resources, played the largest mediating role in explaining family income effects on cognitive ability and study attitude. Among the non-monetary or intangible intervening factors, children’s own and peers’ educational aspirations along with mother-child communication were the most important mechanisms. To a lesser extent, family income effects were also attributable to harmonious parent-child and between-parent relationships. The key take-home message is that home environments constitute a prominent setting outside of school exerting powerful influences shaping school outcomes for Chinese adolescents. Our study contributes to a better understanding of how family economic resources are transmitted to children’s cognitive and educational advantages via home material resources, family non-monetary features, children’s agency, and peer influence. Policy implications and future research are discussed.

Moonlighting Husbands or Working Wives

1982 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
NEIL O. ALPER ◽  
MARK J. MORLOCK
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Binary Logit ◽  
Market Opportunities ◽  
The University ◽  
First Job ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

In households where the husband is the primary income earner, family income may be augmented either by the husband taking a second job (moonlighting) or by the wife obtaining a first job. In this article, binary logit estimating techniques are employed to investigate empirically the types of factors affecting this decision. The data used in the empirical analysis are Wave X (1977) of the University of Michigan's Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The authors find that the relative labor market opportunities of the husband and the wife, the value of the alternative uses of the wife's time, and the attitudes of both the husband and the wife toward the wife's market work all play a significant and predictable role as determinants of moonlighting. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.

SUPPLY SIDE DETERMINANTS OF CHILD LABOR IN PUNJAB

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-111
Author(s):  
Sadia Rafi ◽  
Mumtaz Ali
Keyword(s):  
Child Labor ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ◽  
Multiple Indicator ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Binary Logistic Model ◽  
Physical Access

Children are an integral part of any society as they are not born to work but to study. Unfortunately children are facing hindrance either in economic term or in social term that forced them into labor work. Getting better idea of the real determinants of child labor can only provide the better policy options to tackle this menace. The major objective of the study is to highlight the supply-side determinants of child-labor in case of Punjab, Pakistan. Using data of Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2007-08 for Punjab, the study examined the supply side determinants of child labor in Punjab. A binary logistic model was used for empirical analysis. Major findings of the study unveiled that although, low family income, family size, and physical access to the institutions are pushing children to child labor but more significantly mother’s education and household head’s education are the major factors that force parents to put their children to work. In line with aforementioned findings, some suitable policy implications were given for government to counter this substantial barrier to the nation’s growth.

scholarly journals Life Satisfaction of Young Female Factory Workers in Developing Countries: A Grounded Theory Approach to Develop a Model

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Wasantha Rajapakshe
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Family Satisfaction ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
The Government ◽  
Grounded Theory Approach ◽  
Overall Life Satisfaction

This study explores the determinant factors of life satisfaction of female workers in Free Trade Zones (FTZ) in Sri Lanka by using the grounded theory approach. Observations and in-depth interviews were applied to gather data. Life satisfaction among women in the workplace is requisite in many industries. Compared with all other sectors, life satisfaction issues are more crucial in FTZs. The model formulated in this study shows the employees' overall life satisfaction at FTZs, which many previous studies have ignored. The findings revealed that overall life satisfaction is dependent on seven satisfaction domains: work satisfaction, health satisfaction, financial satisfaction, family satisfaction, leisure satisfaction, housing satisfaction, community satisfaction, and two factors related to participation in life events: happy events and sad events. In addition, seven personal characteristics: age, marital status, number of family members, parents, family income, education, and positions held before joining FTZs were identified as moderator variables. The proposed model is closed the theoretical gap which many previous researchers overlooked. The study provided managerial and policy implications and proposed policies to the government and managers to overcome this issue.

scholarly journals A study on firm size distribution of the service sector and manufacturing sector

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Sup Cho
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Gamma Distribution ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Firm Size Distribution ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mixture Gamma Distribution

Purpose This study aims to estimate the firm size distributions that belong to the service sector and manufacturing sector in Korea. Design/methodology/approach When estimating the firm size distribution, the author considers the following two major factors. First, the firm size distribution can have a gamma distribution rather than traditional accepted distributions such as Pareto distribution or log-normal distribution. In particular, industry-specific enterprises can have different size distributions of the type of gamma distribution. Second, the firm size distribution that is applied to this study’s data set should reflect a number of factors. For example, estimating mixture gamma distribution for firm size distribution should be required and compared, because the total amount of configuration data is composed of small businesses, medium-sized and large companies. Findings Using 8,230 number of firm data in 2013, the author estimates mixture gamma distribution for the firm size. Originality/value From the comparison, empirical results are found for the following characteristics of core firm size distribution: first, the firm size distribution of the manufacturing sector has a longer tail than firm size distribution of the service sector. Second, the manufacturing firm size distribution dominates the entire country firm size distribution. Third, one factor among the three factors that make up the mixed gamma firm size distribution is described for 99 per cent of the firm size distributions. From the estimated firm size distributions of the service sector and manufacturing sector in Korea, the author simply implies the strategy and policy implications for the start-up firm.

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