Thermal decomposition of ammonium salts of nicotinic acid and its analogs in the liquid phase

1995 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 480-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Frenkel' ◽  
M. L. Kaliya ◽  
É. M. Guseinov
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Ammonium Salts

The Reactivity of Different Active Forms of Sodium Carbonate with Respect to Sulfur Dioxide

1992 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 2302-2308
Author(s):  
Karel Mocek ◽  
Erich Lippert ◽  
Emerich Erdös
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Active Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Kinetics Of

The kinetics of the reaction of solid sodium carbonate with sulfur dioxide depends on the microstructure of the solid, which in turn is affected by the way and conditions of its preparation. The active form, analogous to that obtained by thermal decomposition of NaHCO3, emerges from the dehydration of Na2CO3 . 10 H2O in a vacuum or its weathering in air at room temperature. The two active forms are porous and have approximately the same specific surface area. Partial hydration of the active Na2CO3 in air at room temperature followed by thermal dehydration does not bring about a significant decrease in reactivity. On the other hand, if the preparation of anhydrous Na2CO3 involves, partly or completely, the liquid phase, the reactivity of the product is substantially lower.

Esterification of 1,4-dichlorobutane with sodium formate under solid–liquid phase transfer catalysis. A kinetic study

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayder A. Zahalka ◽  
Yoel Sasson
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Kinetic Study ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Phase Transfer Catalysis ◽  
Phase Transfer ◽  
Sodium Formate ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Salts ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Solid Liquid

Kinetic data are reported regarding the esterification of 1,4-dichlorobutane with sodium formate catalyzed by quaternary ammonium salts as a model for reactions in series, under solid–liquid phase transfer conditions. The process was found to follow a consecutive first-order mechanism of the general type A → R → S. The reactivity of the quaternary ammonium salts with regard to the counteranion was Cl− > Br− > 1− > HSO4−. The reaction rate was linearly dependent on catalyst concentration up to 12 mol% of catalyst relative to the substrate. Above this concentration the rate was constant and independent of the amount of the catalyst. The activation energy of the two consecutive steps was found to be similar (21 kcal/mol). Therefore, the product distribution (R/S) is not appreciably affected by temperature. A mechanism termed "Thin aqueous boundary layer" is suggested for nucleophilic displacement reactions under solid–liquid phase transfer conditions. Keywords: phase transfer catalysis, series reactions, kinetic study.

Degradation of the carbon skeleton of glutamic acid

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 1333-1334
Author(s):  
Stuart H. Simon ◽  
John J. O'Neill
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Carbon Skeleton ◽  
Succinic Semialdehyde ◽  
Chloramine T

Glutamic acid labeled with 14C was converted to succinic semialdehyde by the action of Chloramine-T, the aldehyde was converted to the hydrazone, and the hydrazone was converted to butyric acid by thermal decomposition. Maximum yield of butyric acid was obtained if the temperature of the liquid phase was not lower than 195 °C during the 4 h of refluxing to decompose the hydrazone.

Chain-Growth Polycondensation in Solid-Liquid Phase with Ammonium Salts for Well-Defined Polyesters

2001 ◽  
Vol 202 (11) ◽  
pp. 2181-2186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsutomu Yokozawa ◽  
Daisuke Maeda ◽  
Norihiko Hiyama ◽  
Shuichi Hiraoka
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Chain Growth ◽  
Solid Liquid
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