Effect of char yield and specific toxicants on toxicity of pyrolysis gases from synthetic polymers

1979 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos J. Hilado ◽  
Anne M. Machado
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Char Yield ◽  
Pyrolysis Gases

Backcoating, Char Yield, and Toxicity of Pyrolysis Gases From Fabrics

1979 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-332
Author(s):  
Carlos J. Hilado ◽  
Diana P. Brauer
Keyword(s):  
Char Yield ◽  
Pyrolysis Gases

Extraction and identification of fillers and pigments from pyrolyzed rubber and tire samples

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 174-175
Author(s):  
P. Sadhukhan ◽  
J. B. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Curing Agents

Rubber stocks, specially tires, are composed of natural rubber and synthetic polymers and also of several compounding ingredients, such as carbon black, silica, zinc oxide etc. These are generally mixed and vulcanized with additional curing agents, mainly organic in nature, to achieve certain “designing properties” including wear, traction, rolling resistance and handling of tires. Considerable importance is, therefore, attached both by the manufacturers and their competitors to be able to extract, identify and characterize various types of fillers and pigments. Several analytical procedures have been in use to extract, preferentially, these fillers and pigments and subsequently identify and characterize them under a transmission electron microscope.Rubber stocks and tire sections are subjected to heat under nitrogen atmosphere to 550°C for one hour and then cooled under nitrogen to remove polymers, leaving behind carbon black, silica and zinc oxide and 650°C to eliminate carbon blacks, leaving only silica and zinc oxide.

MANUFACTURING GASEOUS PRODUCTS BY PYROLYSIS MICROALGAE BIOMASS

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
N. I. Chernova ◽  
S. V. Kiseleva ◽  
O. M. Larina ◽  
G. A. Sytchev
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Solid Residue ◽  
Algae Biomass ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Microalgae Biomass ◽  
Pyrolysis Liquid ◽  
Pyrolysis Gases

Algae biomass is considered as an alternative raw material for the production of biofuels. The search for new types of raw materials, including high-energy types of microalgae, remains relevant, since the share of motor fuels in the structure of the global fuel and energy balance remains consistently high (about 35%), and the price of oil is characterized by high volatility. The authors have considered the advantages of microalgae as sources of raw materials for fuel production. Biochemical and thermochemical conversion are proposed as technologies for their processing. This paper presents the results of the study of the pyrolysis of the biomass of clonal culture of blue-green microalgae / cyanobacteriumArthrospira platensis rsemsu 1/02-Pfrom the collection of the Research Laboratory of Renewable Energy Sources of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. An experiment to study the process of pyrolysis of microalgae biomass was carried out at the experimental facility of the Institute of High Temperatures RAS in pure nitrogen grade 6.0 to create an oxygen-free environment with a linear heating rate of 10 ºС / min from room temperature to 1000 ºС. The whole process of pyrolysis proceeded in the field of endothermy. The specific amounts of solid residue, pyrolysis liquid and gaseous products were experimentally determined. As a result of the pyrolysis of microalgae biomass weighing 15 g, the following products were obtained: 1) coal has the mass of the solid residue is 2.68 g, or 17.7% of the initial mass of the microalgae (while 9.3% of the initial mass of the microalgae remained in the reactor); 2) pyrolysis liquid – weight 3.3 g, or 21.9% of the initial weight; 3) non-condensable pyrolysis gases – weight 1.15 l. The specific volumetric gas yield (the amount of gas released from 1 kg of the starting material) was 0.076 Nm3/ kg. The analysis of the composition and specific volume yield of non-condensable pyrolysis gases formed in the process of pyrolysis, depending on temperature. It is shown that with increasing temperature, the proportion of highcalorie components of the gas mixture (hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide) increases. The calorific value of the mixture of these gases has been estimated.

Simple Modification Measurement of Photodegradability of Polymers by using Photo-induced Chemiluminescence Technique

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Siti Farhana Zakaria ◽  
Keith R Millington
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Working Life ◽  
Bimolecular Reaction ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Accelerated Weathering ◽  
Simple Modification ◽  
Uv Absorbers ◽  
Irradiation Period

Polymers and organic materials that are exposed to sunlight undergo photooxidation, which leads to deterioration of their physical properties. To allow adequate performance under outdoor conditions, synthetic polymers require additives such as antioxidants and UV absorbers. A major problem with optimising polymer formulations to maximise their working life span is that accelerated weathering tests are empirical. The conditions differ significantly from real weathering situations, and samples require lengthy irradiation period. Degradation may not be apparent in the early stages of exposure, although this is when products such as hydroperoxides are formed which later cause acceleration of oxidation. A simple way of quantifying the number of free radicals presents in organic materials following exposure to light or heat is by measuring chemiluminescence (CL) emission. Most polymers emit CL when they undergo oxidative degradation, and it originates from the bimolecular reaction of macroperoxy radicals which creates an excited carbonyl.

Cooperative Self-Assembly of Pyridine-2,6-Diimine-Linked Macrocycles into Mechanically Robust Nanotubes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Strauss ◽  
Darya Asheghali ◽  
Austin Evans ◽  
Rebecca Li ◽  
Anton Chavez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
High Aspect Ratio ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Young’S Moduli ◽  
Structural Rigidity ◽  
Assembly Mechanism ◽  
Low Dimensionality ◽  
Harsh Conditions

<p>Nanotubes assembled from macrocyclic precursors offer a unique combination of low dimensionality, structural rigidity, and distinct interior and exterior microenvironments. Usually the weak stacking energies of macrocycles limit the length or strength of the resultant nanotubes. Imine-linked macrocycles were recently found to assemble into high-aspect ratio (>10<sup>3</sup>), lyotropic nanotubes in the presence of excess acid. Yet these harsh conditions are incompatible with many functional groups and processing methods, and lower acid loadings instead catalyze macrocycle degradation. Here we report pyridine-2,6-diimine-linked macrocycles that assemble into high-aspect ratio nanotubes in the presence of less than 1 equiv of CF<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>H per macrocycle. Analysis by gel permeation chromatography and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed a cooperative self-assembly mechanism. Nanofibers obtained by touch-spinning the pyridinium-based nanotubes exhibit Young’s moduli of 1.48 GPa, which exceeds that of many synthetic polymers and biological filaments. These findings will enable the design of structurally diverse nanotubes from synthetically accessible macrocycles. </p>

Catalytic Hydrocracking of Synthetic Polymers into Grid-Compatible Gas Streams

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Tse Lee ◽  
Felix D. Bobbink ◽  
Antoine P. van Muyden ◽  
Kun-Han Lin ◽  
Clémence Corminboeuf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Gas Streams

Synthesis and characterization of some polyimide-epoxy composites

e-Polymers ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toheed Akhter ◽  
Humaira Masood Siddiqi ◽  
Zareen Akhter ◽  
M. Saeed Butt
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Behavior ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Char Yield ◽  
Epoxy Composites ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Tetracarboxylic Acid ◽  
Epoxy Amine

AbstractComposites from some novel polyimide and commercial epoxy were prepared aiming to improve the thermal behavior of epoxy resins. Two diamines namely 4-4'-diamino-4''-hydroxytriphenyl methane (DHTM) and 4-4'- diaminotriphenyl methane (DTM) were synthesized by reacting aniline and aldehydes according to a reported method. The synthesized diamines were blended with commercially available epoxy 1, 4-butanedioldiglycidylether (BDDE) to synthesize model epoxy amine networks which were compared with polyimideepoxy composites. The polyimides were synthesized by reaction of these diamines with aromatic anhydride namely 3,3',4,4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (BTDA). These synthesized polyimides were dispersed in epoxy diamine networks to prepare composites. All the monomers and composites were characterized by making use of various analytical techniques including FTIR, NMR, TGA, DSC and XRD. Presence of hydroxyl group in the diamine helped in better dispersion of polyimide leading to high Tg and high char yield at 600 °C.

scholarly journals Porous scaffolds with the structure of an interpenetrating polymer network made by gelatin methacrylated nanoparticle-stabilized high internal phase emulsion polymerization targeted for tissue engineering

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (37) ◽  
pp. 22544-22555
Author(s):  
Atefeh Safaei-Yaraziz ◽  
Shiva Akbari-Birgani ◽  
Nasser Nikfarjam
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Polymer Network ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Tissue Scaffolds ◽  
Interpenetrating Polymer Network ◽  
Porous Scaffolds ◽  
Promising Strategy ◽  
Internal Phase

The interlacing of biopolymers and synthetic polymers is a promising strategy to fabricate hydrogel-based tissue scaffolds to biomimic a natural extracellular matrix for cell growth.

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