Human immunodeficiency virus mutation and changes in CD4 T-cell levels during antiretroviral therapy

1998 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 301-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Battegay
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Cd4 T Cell ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Recurrence and Occurrence of Kaposi’s Sarcoma in Patients Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and on Antiretroviral Therapy, Despite Suppressed HIV Viremia

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 2435-2438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romain Palich ◽  
Marianne Veyri ◽  
Marc-Antoine Valantin ◽  
Anne-Geneviève Marcelin ◽  
Amélie Guihot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Kaposi's Sarcoma ◽  
Kaposi’S Sarcoma ◽  
Cd4 T Cell ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract In 21 cutaneous and/or visceral Kaposi’s sarcoma cases, occurring in patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who were on antiretroviral therapy with suppressed HIV viremia and high CD4 T cell counts, the efficacy of conventional chemotherapies was limited due to cumulative toxicities, comedications, and a lack of immune improvement.

scholarly journals Continued Elevation of Interleukin-18 and Interferon-γ After Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy and Clinical Failure in a Diverse Multicountry Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cohort

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashwin Balagopal ◽  
Nikhil Gupte ◽  
Rupak Shivakoti ◽  
Andrea L. Cox ◽  
Wei-Teng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Cd4 T Cell ◽  
Clinical Failure ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Cd4 T Cell Count

Abstract Background.  We assessed immune activation after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation to understand clinical failure in diverse settings. Methods.  We performed a case-control study in ACTG Prospective Evaluation of Antiretrovirals in Resource-Limited Settings (PEARLS). Cases were defined as incident World Health Organization Stage 3 or 4 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease or death, analyzed from ART weeks 24 (ART24) to 96. Controls were randomly selected. Interleukin (IL)-6, interferon (IFN)-γ-inducible protein-10, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-α, IFN-γ, and soluble CD14 (sCD14) were measured pre-ART and at ART24 in plasma. Continued elevation was defined by thresholds set by highest pre-ART quartiles (>Q3). Incident risk ratios (IRRs) for clinical progression were estimated by Poisson regression, adjusting for age, sex, treatment, country, time-updated CD4+ T-cell count, HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA), and prevalent tuberculosis. Results.  Among 99 cases and 234 controls, median baseline CD4+ T-cell count was 181 cells/µL, and HIV RNA was 5.05 log10 cp/mL. Clinical failure was independently associated with continued elevations of IL-18 (IRR, 3.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27–7.20), sCD14 (IRR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.02–4.62), and IFN-γ (IRR, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.01–0.61). Among 276 of 333 (83%) who were virologically suppressed at ART24, IFN-γ was associated with protection from failure, but the association with sCD14 was attenuated. Conclusions.  Continued IL-18 and sCD14 elevations were associated with clinical ART failure. Interferon-γ levels may reflect preserved immune function.

scholarly journals Physician Decisions to Defer Antiretroviral Therapy in Key Populations: Implications for Reducing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Incidence and Mortality in Malaysia

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico G. Ferro ◽  
Gabriel J. Culbert ◽  
Jeffrey A. Wickersham ◽  
Ruthanne Marcus ◽  
Alana D. Steffen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Cd4 T Cell ◽  
Key Populations ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cd4 T Cell Count

Abstract Background Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is recommended for all people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), yet physician attitudes and prescribing behaviors toward members of key risk populations may limit ART access and undermine treatment as prevention strategies. Methods Physicians in Malaysia (N = 214) who prescribe antiretroviral therapy (ART) responded in an Internet-based survey to hypothetical clinical scenarios of HIV patients, varying by key risk population and CD4+ T-cell count, on whether they would initiate or defer ART compared with a control patient with sexually acquired HIV. Results The proportion of physicians who would defer ART in patients with advanced HIV (CD4 = 17 cells/μL) was significantly higher (P < .0001) for 4 key populations, including people who inject drugs ([PWID] 45.3%) or consume alcohol (42.1%), released prisoners (35.0%), and those lacking social support (26.6%), compared with a control patient (4.2%). People who inject drugs with advanced HIV (CD4 = 17 cells/μL) were 19-fold (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 18.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.8–36.5) more likely to have ART deferred compared with the control. This effect was partially mitigated for PWID receiving methadone (AOR = 2.9; 95% CI, 1.5–5.7). At the highest CD4+ T-cell count (CD4 = 470 cells/μL), sex workers (AOR = 0.55; 95% CI, .44–.70) and patients with an HIV-uninfected sexual partner (AOR = 0.43; 95% CI, .34–.57) were significantly less likely to have ART deferred. Conclusions Physicians who prescribe antiretroviral therapy in Malaysia may defer ART in some key populations including PWID and released prisoners, regardless of CD4+ T-cell count, which may help to explain very low rates of ART coverage among PWID in Malaysia. Reducing HIV incidence and mortality in Malaysia, where HIV is concentrated in PWID and other key populations, requires clinician-level interventions and monitoring physician adherence to international evidence-based treatment guidelines.

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