Interpersonal relationships and personal space: Research review and theoretical model

Human Ecology ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Sundstrom ◽  
Irwin Altman
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Space Research ◽  
Research Review

scholarly journals Proxemics

Communication ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Guerrero ◽  
Christina Fleuriet
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Computer Mediated Communication ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Interaction Space ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
Interpersonal Distancing

Proxemics refers to the perception, use, and structuring of space as communication. The study of proxemics is multidisciplinary, with scholars in fields such as anthropology, architecture, communication, linguistics, psychology, and sociology, among other fields, all making important contributions. The multidisciplinary nature of research on proxemics is appropriate given that space is a ubiquitous part of most human interaction. Space is not only physical, as reflected in the amount of space between people or in the layout of a room and the arrangement of furniture; it is also psychological, with people from different social and cultural groups perceiving and using space differently. The literature reflects the ubiquitous nature of proxemics by focusing on how space functions in different contexts. Early work on proxemics often focused on how culture or the environment shape proxemic communication. From the literature in these areas emerged concepts such as personal space, interpersonal distancing, territory, and crowding. Scholars have also examined how proxemics functions in interpersonal relationships, small groups, and computer-mediated communication, and how it is used to send messages related to persuasion and social support.

scholarly journals Effect of Personal Space Invasion on Passenger Comfort and Comfort Design of an Aircraft Cabin

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Long Wang ◽  
Hao Fan ◽  
Jianjie Chu ◽  
Dengkai Chen ◽  
Suihuai Yu
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Interior Design ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Air Travel ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Aircraft Cabins ◽  
Passenger Comfort ◽  
Priority Ranking ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Target Layer

Passenger comfort is becoming an important issue with the recent increase in air travel. A common cause of passenger discomfort and distress is the invasion of the passenger’s personal space. This paper presents the results of two studies addressing the environmental psychological characteristics of passengers during personal space invasion (PSI) and how PSI affects cabin comfort design. In study 1, our survey shows that PSI has different effects on the comfort of passengers with different genders, ages, education levels, and interpersonal relationships. From these survey data, we extracted 14 factors of PSI. In study 2, a Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) model was established, with passenger comfort as the target layer, to determine the interrelation between 14 PSI factors. The causal relationships between the 14 factors were visualized by a causal diagram. We established a priority ranking of the 14 aircraft interior design indexes based on the corresponding relationships between the indexes and PSI factors. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of how PSI impacts passenger comfort and offer strategies to improve the comfort design of aircraft cabins.

scholarly journals Parenting and children's representation of interpersonal relations: foreign research review

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-45
Author(s):  
S.V. Yaroshevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Research Review ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Current State ◽  
Children And Parents ◽  
Parent Relationship ◽  
Methodological Difficulties

The article provides an overview of the Western empirical research dealing with various types of individual internal representations, emerging and/or functioning in the child-parent relationship. Representations are understood as forms of experience and self-images, images of others and interpersonal relationships. The review introduces the representations as parameters of attachment, characteristics of attributive style and models of the «psychic», and also as more sectional aspects of reflection of interpersonal interactions. Researches are systemized on the principle of consideration of links between representations of children and parents with personal characteristics, behavior practices, general well-being and with each other. In conclusion, the overview of the current state of events in the area is highlighted, the dominance of attachment theory is emphasized, the absence of uniformity in the study of different themes is singled out, the poorly studied theoretical and methodological difficulties are described.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT, APPROBATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF “SCALE OF INCESTUOUS PERSONALITY” QUESTIONNAIRE

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-127
Author(s):  
Maryana Dushkevich ◽  
◽  
Nikita Glushchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Traumatic Experience ◽  
Personal Boundaries ◽  
Emotional Deprivation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Expert Commission ◽  
General Indicator

Taking into account the current needs of modern national psychodiagnostics, and having discovered that Ukraine lacks valid tools that investigate and check the likelihood of sexual abuse by one person of another’s personal boundaries, the article authors have developed, tested and standardized the author’s questionnaire: “Scale of incestuous personality” (Glushchenko N. A., Dushkevich M.M.). The study was carried out from February 2019 to December 2020, included a pilot study with people who had experienced incest trauma and a further step-by-step study of the psychometric characteristics of the newly created questionnaire. The main sample consisted of 267 Ukrainians, with the age ranged from 18 to 62 years old, who lived in 19 regions of Ukraine, belonged to heterogeneous professional groups and had different educational levels. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was determined using the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient, which was a = 0.90, which indicated excellent reliability of the proposed method. This psychological diagnostic instrumentation showed good retest reliability (Pearson's coefficient r = 895, p ≤ 0.01). The authors proposed a theoretical model for the questionnaire structure, which described the internal validity, identified the main categories determining an individual’s manifestations of incestuousness: violation of psychological and physical boundaries, violations of physical body perception; violations of sexual and personal identity; rejection of intimacy and sexual arousal; confusion of the concepts of sex and love; depressive moods; signs of oversexualization; sexual dysfunction; transfer of control; emotional deprivation; having secrets; difficulties in building interpersonal relationships; defectiveness and shame; social alienation and so on. The established expert commission found that the methodology has a mutually consistent and homogeneous inclusion of emotional, cognitive, motivational and behavioral components of the examined phenomenon of incestuousness. The constructive validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by its factorial structure, which consists of 5 scales: “Psycho-emotional distrust”, “Sexualized identification”, “Emotional-anxious identification”, “Openly controlling intimacy” and “General indicator of incestuousness”. All scales are compared with the theoretical model and interpreted. The presence of significant correlations between the "Scale of incestuous personality" (Glushchenko N.A., Dushkevich M.M.) and methods studying the internal organization of a personality, maladaptive schemes, attitudes towards sex, intimate life, personal boundaries and existing traumatic experience indicates the convergent validity of the developed questionnaire. Statistical differences by gender were revealed for the general indicator of incestuousness; all other indicators of the scale did not depend on the respondents’ age and / or place of residence. Using the definition of stans, test norms for men and women were calculated, and levels of incestuousness were determined and interpreted.

Tools & Resources: Impairment and Disability Web Sites

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 5-6
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Web Sites ◽  
Outpatient Psychotherapy ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Not Otherwise Specified ◽  
Cluster B Personality Disorders ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract Personality disorders are enduring patterns of inner experience and behavior that deviate markedly from those expected by the individual's culture; these inflexible and pervasive patterns reflect issues with cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning and impulse control, and lead to clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, Fourth Edition, defines two specific personality disorders, in addition to an eleventh condition, Personality Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. Cluster A personality disorders include paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personalities; of these, Paranoid Personality Disorder probably is most common in the legal arena. Cluster B personality disorders include antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality. Such people may suffer from frantic efforts to avoid perceived abandonment, patterns of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships, an identity disturbance, and impulsivity. Legal issues that involve individuals with cluster B personality disorders often involve determination of causation of the person's problems, assessment of claims of harassment, and assessment of the person's fitness for employment. Cluster C personality disorders include avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality. Two case histories illustrate some of the complexities of assessing impairment in workers with personality disorders, including drug abuse, hospitalizations, and inpatient and outpatient psychotherapy.

A Model for Analyzing Suicide Prevention

Crisis ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maila Upanne
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Practical Work ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Prevention Project ◽  
Individual Risk Factors

This study monitored the evolution of psychologists' (n = 31) conceptions of suicide prevention over the 9-year course of the National Suicide Prevention Project in Finland and assessed the feasibility of the theoretical model for analyzing suicide prevention developed in earlier studies [ Upanne, 1999a , b ]. The study was formulated as a retrospective self-assessment where participants compared their earlier descriptions of suicide prevention with their current views. The changes in conceptions were analyzed and interpreted using both the model and the explanations given by the subjects themselves. The analysis proved the model to be a useful framework for revealing the essential features of prevention. The results showed that the freely-formulated ideas on prevention were more comprehensive than those evolved in practical work. Compared to the earlier findings, the conceptions among the group had shifted toward emphasizing a curative approach and the significance of individual risk factors. In particular, greater priority was focused on the acute suicide risk phase as a preventive target. Nonetheless, the overall structure of prevention ideology remained comprehensive and multifactorial, stressing multistage influencing. Promotive aims (protective factors) also remained part of the prevention paradigm. Practical working experiences enhanced the psychologists' sense of the difficulties of suicide prevention as well as their criticism and feeling of powerlessness.

Attachment Organization in Suicide Prevention Research

Crisis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Venta ◽  
Carla Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Suicide Attempt ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Suicide Ideation ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Self Harm

Background: Identifying risk factors for suicide-related thoughts and behaviors (SRTB) is essential among adolescents in whom SRTB remain a leading cause of death. Although many risk factors have already been identified, influential theories now suggest that the domain of interpersonal relationships may play a critical role in the emergence of SRTB. Because attachment has long been seen as the foundation of interpersonal functioning, we suggest that attachment insecurity warrants attention as a risk factor for SRTB. Aims: This study sought to explore relations between attachment organization and suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and self-harm in an inpatient adolescent sample, controlling for demographic and psychopathological covariates. Method: We recruited 194 adolescents from an inpatient unit and assigned them to one of four attachment groups (secure, preoccupied, dismissing, or disorganized attachment). Interview and self-report measures were used to create four variables reflecting the presence or absence of suicidal ideation in the last year, single lifetime suicide attempt, multiple lifetime suicide attempts, and lifetime self-harm. Results: Chi-square and regression analyses did not reveal significant relations between attachment organization and SRTB, although findings did confirm previously established relations between psychopathology and SRTB, such that internalizing disorder was associated with increased self-harm, suicide ideation, and suicide attempt and externalizing disorder was associated with increased self-harm. Conclusion: The severity of this sample and methodological differences from previous studies may explain the nonsignificant findings. Nonsignificant findings may indicate that the relation between attachment organization and SRTB is moderated by other factors that should be explored in future research.

The Relationship Between Personality and Self-Report Abilities

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Aitken Schermer ◽  
Andrew M. Johnson ◽  
Philip A. Vernon ◽  
Kerry L. Jang
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Personality Factor ◽  
Factor Scores ◽  
Environmental Correlations ◽  
Ability Factor ◽  
Genetic Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Common Environmental Factor

The relationship between self-report abilities and personality was examined at both the phenotypic (zero-order) level as well as at the genetic and environmental levels. Twins and siblings (N = 516) completed self-report ability and personality questionnaires. A factor analysis of the ability questions revealed 10 factors, including politics, interpersonal relationships, practical tasks, intellectual pursuits, academic skills, entrepreneur/business, domestic skills, vocal abilities, and creativity. Five personality factors were examined, including extraversion, conscientiousness, dependence, aggression, and openness. At the phenotypic level, the correlations between the ability factor scores and personality factor scores ranged from 0 to .60 (between political abilities and extraversion). The relationship between the two areas at the genetic level was found to range between –.01 and .60; the environmental correlations ranged from –.01 to .48. The results suggest that some of the self-report ability scores are related to self-report personality, and that some of these observed relationships may have a common genetic basis while others are from a common environmental factor.

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