Phosphorothioate oligonucleotides inhibit the replication of lentiviruses and type D retroviruses, but not that of type C retroviruses

1994 ◽  
Vol 139 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 97-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Archambault ◽  
C. A. Stein ◽  
J. S. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Type D ◽  
Type C ◽  
Type D Retroviruses

Nonconditional replication mutants of type C and type D retroviruses defective in gag gene-coded polyprotein post-translational processing

Virology ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 352-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Sacks ◽  
Sushilkumar G. Devare ◽  
Gail T. Blennerhassett ◽  
John R. Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Type D ◽  
Type C ◽  
Type D Retroviruses

scholarly journals Effect of prostatic apex shape (Lee types) and urethral sphincter length in preoperative MRI on very early continence rates after radical prostatectomy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Wenzel ◽  
Felix Preisser ◽  
Matthias Mueller ◽  
Lena H. Theissen ◽  
Maria N. Welte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Radical Prostatectomy ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Urethral Sphincter ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Pad Test ◽  
Type D ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression ◽  
Type C

Abstract Purpose To test the effect of anatomic variants of the prostatic apex overlapping the membranous urethra (Lee type classification), as well as median urethral sphincter length (USL) in preoperative multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) on the very early continence in open (ORP) and robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) patients. Methods In 128 consecutive patients (01/2018–12/2019), USL and the prostatic apex classified according to Lee types A–D in mpMRI prior to ORP or RARP were retrospectively analyzed. Uni- and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify anatomic characteristics for very early continence rates, defined as urine loss of ≤ 1 g in the PAD-test. Results Of 128 patients with mpMRI prior to surgery, 76 (59.4%) underwent RARP vs. 52 (40.6%) ORP. In total, median USL was 15, 15 and 10 mm in the sagittal, coronal and axial dimensions. After stratification according to very early continence in the PAD-test (≤ 1 g vs. > 1 g), continent patients had significantly more frequently Lee type D (71.4 vs. 54.4%) and C (14.3 vs. 7.6%, p = 0.03). In multivariable logistic regression models, the sagittal median USL (odds ratio [OR] 1.03) and Lee type C (OR: 7.0) and D (OR: 4.9) were independent predictors for achieving very early continence in the PAD-test. Conclusion Patients’ individual anatomical characteristics in mpMRI prior to radical prostatectomy can be used to predict very early continence. Lee type C and D suggest being the most favorable anatomical characteristics. Moreover, longer sagittal median USL in mpMRI seems to improve very early continence rates.

MRI analysis and surgical treatment of Wassel Type IV duplicated thumbs

2021 ◽  
pp. 175319342098321
Author(s):  
Anyuan Wang ◽  
Jian Ding ◽  
Long Wang ◽  
Tinggang Chu ◽  
Zhipeng Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
Surgical Reconstruction ◽  
Mri Findings ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Type D ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Secondary Operations ◽  
Type C

We present the MRI findings for 39 Wassel Type IV duplicated thumbs in 38 patients. We found that MRI revealed the morphology of the cartilaginous connection between the thumb anlages and the location of the deviation corresponding to the classification of Horii, which allowed precise preoperative planning of corrective osteotomies. All 39 thumbs were available for follow-up after surgical reconstruction at a mean of 29 months (range 25 to 39). Four out of nine Horii Type A cases and all 12 Type B, as well as the six Type C and the six Type D cases, achieved good results according to the Tada scoring system. Five Type A cases achieved fair results with residual stiffness of the interphalangeal joint. No secondary operations were needed. We conclude that MRI proved useful in subclassifying Wassel Type IV duplicated thumbs and may aid in planning the osteotomies needed for their reconstruction. Level of evidence: IV

scholarly journals The effectiveness of TiO2 additions to mortar to maintain initial conditions in terms of its reflectance to solar radiation

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sérgio Roberto Andrade Dantas ◽  
Fulvio Vittorino ◽  
Kai Loh
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Type A ◽  
Just Noticeable Difference ◽  
Type B ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Type D ◽  
Type C ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Contact of facades with degradation agents and direct incidence of ultraviolet radiation on external coatings make them more opaque over time, affecting their colour and reflectance characteristics. This study evaluated the effect of adding different TiO2 contents to mortars applied in concrete substrates in order to verify the reflectance maintenance on surfaces after exposure over time. Mortar with different concentrations of TiO2 (1%, 5%, 10%) were produced in relation to the total dry premix, added as a powder and compared to unpainted mortar without TiO2 (type "A") and painted mortar without TiO2 (type "B"), both used as a reference for colour and reflectance. Exposed over 16 months to climate conditions in São Paulo, regarding the maintenance of reflectance and solar radiation, the results showed that type "B" (0%TiO2) painted mortar presented the best performance. Type "C" (1%TiO2) and type "D" (5%TiO2) unpainted mortar remained more stable. Type "A" (0%TiO2) and type "E" (10%TiO2) unpainted mortar showed greater differences according to the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) range caused by dirt pick up.

scholarly journals Surgical Management of Giant Pituitary Adenomas

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gérard Mohr ◽  
Jules Hardy ◽  
Ronald Comtois ◽  
Hughes Beauregard
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Adenomas ◽  
Residual Tumor ◽  
Empty Sella ◽  
Csf Leak ◽  
Visual Field Defects ◽  
Pituitary Insufficiency ◽  
Empty Sella Syndrome ◽  
Type D ◽  
Giant Pituitary Adenomas ◽  
Type C

ABSTRACT:During the past 25 years, 77 giant pituitary adenomas have been treated surgically, including suprasellar extensions of type C in 66 cases and of type D in 11 cases. Non-secreting adenomas were present in 53 and secreting adenomas in 24 cases. All patients except 3 presented with significant visual field defects; including bitemporal hemianopia, superior quadranopia or unilateral temporal hemianopia, contralateral blindness in 73% of the cases, and one case with sudden bilateral blindness due to acute pituitary apoplexy. A single transsphenoidal procedure was carried out in 74% of the patients while 11 patients (7%) required re-operations for recurrent or residual tumor. Only 3 patients required a subsequent transcranial procedure. Complications included 1 CSF-leak, 1 empty-sella syndrome and 4 fatal post-operative hematomas. We prefer the transsphenoidal route even in very large or giant pituitary adenomas, since it allows rapid and adequate decompression of the optic nerves and chiasm, avoids major pituitary insufficiency in 60% of the cases and is associated with low morbidity-mortality rates.

scholarly journals Novel classification for multi-ligament knee injury including both tibiofemoral joint factor and patellofemoral joint factor (193)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10_suppl5) ◽  
pp. 2325967121S0030
Author(s):  
Takuya Tajima ◽  
Nami Yamaguchi ◽  
Yudai Morita ◽  
Takuji Yokoe ◽  
Etsuo Chosa
Keyword(s):  
Patellofemoral Joint ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Quadriceps Tendon ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Patella Tendon ◽  
Joint Factor ◽  
Type D ◽  
Neurovascular Injury ◽  
Type C

Objectives: Multi-ligament knee injury (MLKI) shows very varied symptoms which was depended on the combination of injured ligaments. Schenck`s knee dislocation classification which was one of useful classifications for surgeon in decision making. However, Schenck`s classification is only referred to the factors of cruciate ligament and collateral ligament. It is well known that knee joint consists of two important structure; tibiofemoral joint and patellofemoral joint. Knee extensor structure is one of important factors of knee function. Dislocation of patella, quadriceps or patella tendon rupture are sometimes occurred in the knee trauma and provided severe instability or disability of knee function. Of course, these injuries were also target for consideration of treatment. Moreover, knee extensor structure disruption was sometimes combined with other knee ligaments such as cruciate or collateral ligament. Unfortunately, the case of combined cruciate or collateral ligament with knee extensor structure disruption could not classified in the previous classifications. Therefore, we proposed new classification for MLKI which contains both femorotibial factor and patellofemoral factor. We established and defined several categories in accordance with number of injured ligaments, combination of injured ligaments, and additional combined injury such as fracture, nerve injury, vascular injury. It was hypothesized that all cases at least two ligaments involved situation not only combination of tibiofemoral factor, but also including patellofemoral factor, could classify and divide into the new established classification. Methods: The present study was conducted in 2019, involving patient who was diagnosed MLKI at our institute. The study followed both retrospective and prospective observational design including data collected from Apr 2007 to Aug 2020. The experimental design was reviewed and approved (Accession No. 0-0602) by the Ethics Committee of our institute. The procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000. Inclusion criteria were the cases of two or more injured ligaments diagnosed clinically and by MRI testing and dynamic X-ray testing. Detail of ligament around knee joint were defined as follows; ‘cruciate ligaments` which contains ACL and PCL; ‘collateral ligaments` which contains MCL and posterolateral corner (PLC) certainly include lateral collateral ligament, and; ‘patellofemoral joint factor` which contains medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL), quadriceps tendon and patellar tendon. Exclusion criteria was any prior knee surgery cases. Total 65 MLKI cases were met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled in this study. We focused on the number of injured ligaments, combination of the injured ligaments, and complication such as fracture, neurovascular injury. Based on the number of injured ligaments, 2 injured ligaments case was categorized as Type A, 3 injured ligaments case was as Type B, 4 ligaments case was as Type C, and 5 ligaments case was as Type D, respectively. We defined that injured ligament counting was follows; cruciate ligament group; ACL and/or PCL, collateral ligament group; MCL and/or PLC, and PF joint group; one of the MPFL or patellar tendon or quadriceps tendon. Depended on the combination of injured ligaments, each case was subdivided into 1 to 5 in Type A and B, into 1 to 3 in Type C. Additional injuries with MLKI were also subdivided as follows; MLKI with fracture case was defined as X, with neurovascular injury case was as Y, and both fracture and neurovascular injury case was as Z. (Table 1, 2, 3, and 4). For each case, final decision of injured ligament was recorded under clinical examination and image evaluation. MLKI cases were divided into both Schenk’s KD classification and the present new established classification. Results: Fifty-seven of 65 cases were divided into Schenck’s KD classification as follows; 19 cases of ACL+MCL and 13 cases of ACL+PLC and 9 cases of PCL+PLC and 2 cases of PCL+MCL as KD-?, 4cases of ACL+PCL as KD-? and one case of ACL+PCL with fracture as KD-?2, 6 cases of ACL+MCL, 2 cases of ACL+PCL+PLC as KD-?, and 1 case of ACL+PCL+MCL+MCL with fracture as KD-?5, respectively. Eight cases (12.3%) could not be divided into Schenk’s KD classification. Combination of these 8 cases were follows; 2 cases of PLC+MPFL, and single case of ACL+MCL+PLC, ACL+PCL+MCL+PLC+MPFL, ACL+MPFL, PCL+PLC+MPFL+ fracture, ACL+MCL+MPFL, and PCL+ patella tendon, respectively. Seven of 8cases contained PF joint factor injury. At the established new classification for MLKI, all 65 cases were divided into each category, successfully. PLC+MPFL was divided into Type-A5, ACL+MCL+PLC was Type-B2, ACL+PCL+MCL+PLC+MPFL was Type-D, ACL+MPFL was Type-A4, PCL+PLC+MPFL was Type-B3-X, ACL+MCL+MPFL was Type-B3, and PCL+ patella tendon was Type-A4. Conclusions: Several classification systems have been reported for diagnosis of MLKI cases. Kennedy `s classification and the French Society of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology 2008 classification were focused on the mechanism and direction of dislocation. These classifications were available for understanding comprehension mechanism of injured knee. However, previous classifications including Schenck’s classification were lack of PF joint factor. It is very important for knee surgeon that understanding injured mechanism as well as number of injured ligaments and combination of injured ligaments for decision making for surgery. The present classification was useful for MLKI case which contains both tibiofemoral factor and patellofemoral factor.

scholarly journals Development of polyvalent toxoid Clostridium perfringens against anaerobic enterotoxaemia in young cattle and small ruminants

2021 ◽  
Vol 282 ◽  
pp. 04009
Author(s):  
F.Kh. Pulotov ◽  
O.D. Nazarova ◽  
N.A. Akhmadov ◽  
A.I. Karimzoda
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Drug Preparation ◽  
Type D ◽  
Industrial Strains ◽  
Type C ◽  
Young Cattle ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Selection Of

The authors of the article presents the results of the development of a polyvalent toxoid from C.perfringens strains against anaerobic enterotoxaemia of young cattle and small ruminants and an assessment of its effectiveness. It is presented the data on the selection of the recipe composition of the nutrient medium, the cultivation of industrial strains, the process of drug preparation, the selection of the optimal ratio of components and the method of controlling the effectiveness. Sequential cultivation of industrial strains of C.perfringens was carried out by cultivating them in flasks, bottles and bioreactors in the nutrient medium developed by the authors, consisting of: 12.0 g/l - liver extract; 25.0 g/l - casein-peptone; 3.2g/l –K2HPO4; 1.8 g/l – KH2PO4; 0.5 g/l – MgSO4. The development of the drug included the selection of optimal and balanced ratios of C. perfringens type A toxoids - 15 IU/ml, C.perfringens type B - 20 IU/ml, C.perfringens type C - 30 IU/ml, C. perfringens type D - 30 IU/ml, which ensured 100% protection of the immunized animals. Studies on laboratory and farm animals revealed the harmlessness, areactogenicity of the drug, which stimulated the development of immunity and resistance to the toxic effects of all strains of C.perfringens.

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