Opportunity fairness and equal income Lindahl equilibrium

What is a fair income distribution? The empirical literature seems to assume that equal income would be fair, but the equal income answer faces two objections. First, equal income is likely to be inefficient. This book sets aside efficiency concerns as a downstream consideration; it seeks to identify a fair distribution. The second objection—pointed out by both leftist political philosopher G. A. Cohen and conservative economist Milton Friedman—is that equal income is unfair to the hardworking. Measuring labor burdens in order to adjust income shares, however, is no easy task. Some philosophers and economists attempt to sidestep the measurement problem by invoking the envy test. Yet a distribution in which no one prefers someone else’s circumstances to her own, as the envy test requires, is unlikely to exist—and, even if it does exist, the normative connection between the envy test and fairness has not been established. The Solidarity Solution provides a novel answer: when someone claims that her situation should be improved at someone else’s expense, she must be able to give a reason that cannot be rejected by a free and equal individual who regards everyone else as the same. Part I develops the solidarity solution and shows that rigorous distributive implications can be derived from a relational ideal. Part II uses the solidarity solution to critique the competing theories of Ronald Dworkin, Philippe Van Parijs, and Marc Fleurbaey. Finally, part III identifies insights for the gender wage gap and taxation.

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Absence of Envy among “Neighbors” Can Be Enough

The B E Journal of Theoretical Economics ◽

10.1515/bejte-2020-0019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Chiara Donnini ◽

Marialaura Pesce

Keyword(s):

Mixed Markets ◽

Entire Society ◽

Equivalence Theorems ◽

Definition Of ◽

Equal Income ◽

Walrasian Equilibria

AbstractWe assume that the set of agents is decomposed into several classes containing individuals related each other in some way, for example groups of neighbors. We propose a new definition of fairness by requiring efficiency and envy-freeness only within each group. We identify conditions under which absence of envy among “neighbors” is enough to ensure fairness in the entire society. We also show that equal-income Walrasian equilibria are the only fair allocations according to our notion, deriving as corollaries the equivalence theorems of Zhou (1992) and Cato (2010). The analysis is conducted in atomless economies as well as in mixed markets.

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Implementation of Lindahl equilibrium: an integration of the static and dynamic approaches

Mathematical Social Sciences ◽

10.1016/0165-4896(89)90031-0 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 211-228 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Fernando Vega-Redondo

Keyword(s):

Lindahl Equilibrium

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Public spending efficiency and political and economic factors: Evidence from selected East Asian countries

Economic Annals ◽

10.2298/eka1293007c ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 57 (193) ◽

pp. 7-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sok-Gee Chan ◽

Mohd Karim

Keyword(s):

East Asian ◽

Civil Liberties ◽

Public Spending ◽

Political Stability ◽

Economic Factors ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Tobit Regression ◽

Parametric Data ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Equal Income

This paper analyses public spending efficiency and the effect of political and economic factors on public spending efficiency in East Asian countries for the period 2000-2007. In the first stage, the non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach is used to estimate public spending efficiency scores. In the second stage, the Tobit regression model is then used to determine the effect of political and economic factors on public spending efficiency. Results of the study show that China is relatively efficient in public spending on education, health, and maintaining economic performance and stability, Japan on infrastructure, and Singapore on promoting public services. In addition, countries in East Asia are relatively less efficient in public spending for promoting equal income distribution. The results also indicate that political stability and financial freedom have a positive effect on public spending efficiency. However, voice, accountability, and civil liberties have a negative effect on public spending efficiency.

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PEMILIHAN PROSES PENGADAAN BAHAN BAKU JAHE MERAH KERING DALAM MEMPRODUKSI BANDREK INSTAN DALAM KEMASAN; THE USE OF DRIED RED GINGER AS RAW MATERIAL IN PRODUCINGINSTANT BANDREK

OPTIMA ◽

10.33366/opt.v2i1.897 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Levina Maharani ◽

Endah Djuwendah

Keyword(s):

Production Cost ◽

International Market ◽

Raw Material ◽

Limited Resources ◽

Qualitative Descriptive ◽

C Value ◽

Equal Income ◽

Red Ginger ◽

Descriptive Method ◽

Lower Production

Bandrek Hanjuang merupakan minuman kemasan khas dari Jawa Barat yang sudah dipasarkan baik di dalam negeri maupun internasional. Perubahan manajemen pada perusahaan ini berdampak pada peningkatan penjualan produk yang dihasilkannya. Disisi lain, keterbatasan lahan yang dimiliki membuat perusahaan belum mampu memastikan ketersediaan bahan baku seiring dengan meningkatnya kebutuhan terhadap bahan baku tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis kelayakan usaha produksi bandrek menggunakan dua alternatif pengadaan bahan baku jahe merah yaitu memproduksi sendiri atau membeli dari luar menggunakan analisis R-C Rasio. Penelitian dilakukan di CV. Cihanjuang Inti Teknik dari bulan Maret-September 2015. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif, yaitu penelitian yang diarahkan untuk memberikan informasi secara sistematis dan akurat mengenai objek penelitian serta menganalisis berdasarkan data yang diperoleh. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa dengan jumlah pendapatan yang sama, proses produksi dengan alternatif pengadaan jahe merah dengan memproduksi sendiri memiliki nilai R/C yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan membeli dari luar. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa proses produksi dengan alternatif pengadaan jahe merah dengan memproduksi sendiri memiliki biaya produksi yang lebih rendah sehingga memiliki keuntungan yang lebih besar. Oleh karena itu, proses produksi dengan alternatif pengadaan jahe merah dengan memproduksi sendiri dinilai lebih layak untuk direalisasikan. Kata kunci : bandrek, jahe merah, kelayakan usaha, pengadaan bahan baku, R/C rasio Bandrek Hanjuang is a special instant drink from West Java which has been in the national and international market. However, due to the increase of demand, the company was not be able to provide the dried red ginger as raw material, due to the limited resources. The aim of this research is to analyze the properness of bandrek production using two ways of making; self-producing or buying from other party using analysis ratio R-C. This research was conducted in CV. Cihanjuang Inti Teknik from March to September 2015. The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive method; that is; a research which is conducted to give systematic information concerning the object of the research and to analyze from the obtained data. The finding of this research showed that with equal income, self-producing of dried red ginger had higher R/C value compared to buying from other party. This illustrates that the self-producing required lower production cost, therefore the company is able to get higher income. In conclusion, self-producing of dried red ginger is likely more preferable to be conducted. Keywords : bandrek, red ginger, properness, raw material making, R/C ratio

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Lindahl Equilibrium

The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics ◽

10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_789 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 7872-7876

Author(s):

John Roberts

Keyword(s):

Lindahl Equilibrium

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Inequality and Social Rank: Income Increases Buy More Life Satisfaction in More Equal Countries

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin ◽

10.1177/0146167220923853 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 014616722092385

Author(s):

Edika G. Quispe-Torreblanca ◽

Gordon D. A. Brown ◽

Christopher J. Boyce ◽

Alex M. Wood ◽

Jan-Emmanuel De Neve

Keyword(s):

Life Satisfaction ◽

Income Inequality ◽

Low Income ◽

Social Rank ◽

Well Being ◽

Subjective Well Being ◽

Income Distributions ◽

Equal Income ◽

The Relationship ◽

Positive Effect

How do income and income inequality combine to influence subjective well-being? We examined the relation between income and life satisfaction in different societies, and found large effects of income inequality within a society on the relationship between individuals’ incomes and their life satisfaction. The income–satisfaction gradient is steeper in countries with more equal income distributions, such that the positive effect of a 10% increase in income on life satisfaction is more than twice as large in a country with low income inequality as it is in a country with high income inequality. These findings are predicted by an income rank hypothesis according to which life satisfaction is derived from social rank. A fixed increment in income confers a greater increment in social position in a more equal society. Income inequality may influence people’s preferences, such that in unequal countries people’s life satisfaction is determined more strongly by their income.

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