Orientation ofRhizophagus grandis (Coleoptera: Rhizophagidae) to oxygenated monoterpenes in a species-specific predator-prey relationship

Chemoecology ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude Gr�goire ◽  
Daniel Couillien ◽  
Ralph Krebber ◽  
Winfried A. K�nig ◽  
Holger Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predator Prey ◽  
Oxygenated Monoterpenes ◽  
Specific Predator ◽  
Species Specific

scholarly journals A spatial theory for characterizing predator–multiprey interactions in heterogeneous landscapes

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1812) ◽  
pp. 20150973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Fortin ◽  
Pietro-Luciano Buono ◽  
Oswald J. Schmitz ◽  
Nicolas Courbin ◽  
Chrystel Losier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prey Species ◽  
Landscape Heterogeneity ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Human Disturbances ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Heterogeneous Landscapes ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Predator Interactions ◽  
Predator Prey Models ◽  
Species Specific

Trophic interactions in multiprey systems can be largely determined by prey distributions. Yet, classic predator–prey models assume spatially homogeneous interactions between predators and prey. We developed a spatially informed theory that predicts how habitat heterogeneity alters the landscape-scale distribution of mortality risk of prey from predation, and hence the nature of predator interactions in multiprey systems. The theoretical model is a spatially explicit, multiprey functional response in which species-specific advection–diffusion models account for the response of individual prey to habitat edges. The model demonstrates that distinct responses of alternative prey species can alter the consequences of conspecific aggregation, from increasing safety to increasing predation risk. Observations of threatened boreal caribou, moose and grey wolf interacting over 378 181 km 2 of human-managed boreal forest support this principle. This empirically supported theory demonstrates how distinct responses of apparent competitors to landscape heterogeneity, including to human disturbances, can reverse density dependence in fitness correlates.

MULTITROPHIC MODELS OF PREDATOR–PREY ENERGETICS: III. A CASE STUDY IN AN ALFALFA ECOSYSTEM

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (7) ◽  
pp. 950-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Gutierrez ◽  
J. U. Baumgaertner ◽  
C. G. Summers
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Pool Model ◽  
Metabolic Pool ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Hypera Brunneipennis ◽  
Aphid Populations

AbstractThe field population dynamics of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) and blue alfalfa aphid (A. kondoi) in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), as influenced by weather, competitors (Egyptian alfalfa weevil = EAW, Hypera brunneipennis), predation from coccinellids (Hippodamia convergens) and harvesting practices, are examined with a stochastic multitrophic level simulation model. The model incorporates a demand-driven functional-response model to estimate prey consumption, and a metabolic pool model to determine the rates and priorities of food allocation to respiration, growth, reproduction, and egestion.The model results compare favorably with field data, and are used to examine the effects of removal of each of the above factors on the dynamics of the aphids. The model shows that the observed density of EAW did not affect the aphid dynamics, but did reduce the standing crop of alfalfa. The predator H. convergens had a significant effect on the population dynamics of the aphids and the plant. Harvesting greatly affected the aphid population dynamics, as well as the dynamics of plant growth and reserve accumulation. However, high temperatures mediated through species-specific respiration costs and possibly a fungal pathogen were responsible for the observed dominance of blue aphid populations in the cool parts of the year and pea aphid populations during warmer parts of the year.

Modeling an electrosensory landscape

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (7) ◽  
pp. 999-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Prey Capture ◽  
Mate Location ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Multiple Sensors ◽  
Afferent Nerves ◽  
Behavioral Observations ◽  
Primary Afferent Nerves ◽  
Prey Location ◽  
Specific Predator

SUMMARYMost biological sensory systems benefit from multiple sensors. Elasmobranchs (sharks, skates and rays) possess an array of electroreceptive organs that facilitate prey location, mate location and navigation. Here, the perceived electrosensory landscape for an elasmobranch approaching prey is mathematically modeled. The voltages that develop simultaneously in dozens of separate sensing organs are calculated using electrodynamics. These voltages lead directly to firing rate modifications in the primary afferent nerves. The canals connecting the sense organs to an elasmobranch's surface exhibit great variation of location and orientation. Here, the voltages arising in the sense organs are found to depend strongly on the geometrical distribution of the corresponding canals. Two applications for the modeling technique are explored: an analysis of observed elasmobranch prey-capture behavior and an analysis of morphological optimization. For the former, results in specific predator-prey scenarios are compared with behavioral observations, supporting the approach algorithm suggested by A. Kalmijn. For the latter, electrosensory performance is contrasted for two geometrical models of multiple sense organs,a rounded head and a hammer-shaped head.

scholarly journals Chemical defense in developmental stages and adult of the sea star Echinaster (Othilia) brasiliensis

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11503
Author(s):  
Renato Crespo Pereira ◽  
Daniela Bueno Sudatti ◽  
Thaise S.G. Moreira ◽  
Carlos Renato R. Ventura
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Defense ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Sea Star ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Prey Interaction ◽  
Specific Predator ◽  
Early Developmental

To date, evidence regarding the performance of secondary metabolites from larval stages of sea stars as an anti-predation defense relates only to a few species/specimens from a few geographic ranges. Unfortunately, this hinders a comprehensive global understanding of this inter-specific predator-prey interaction. Here, we present laboratory experimental evidence of chemical defense action in the early developmental stages and adults of the sea star Echinaster (Othilia) brasiliensis from Brazil against sympatric and allopatric invertebrate consumers. Blastulae, early and late brachiolarias of E. (O.) brasiliensis were not consumed by the sympatric and allopatric crabs Mithraculus forceps. Blastulae were also avoided by the sympatric and allopatric individuals of the anemone Anemonia sargassensis, but not the larval stages. Extracts from embryos (blastula) and brachiolarias of E. (O.) brasiliensis from one sampled population (João Fernandes beach) significantly inhibited the consumption by sympatric M. forceps, but not by allopatric crabs and A. sargassensi anemone. In this same site, extracts from adults E. (O.) brasiliensis significantly inhibited the consumption by sympatric and allopatric specimens of the crab in a range of concentrations. Whereas equivalent extract concentrations of E. (O.) brasiliensis from other population (Itaipu beach)inhibited the predation by allopatric M. forceps, while sympatric individuals of this crab avoided the only the higher level tested. Then, early stages and adult specimens of E. (O.) brasiliensis can be chemically defended against consumers, but this action is quite variable, depending on the type (anemone or crab) and the origin of the consumer (sympatric or allopatric).

scholarly journals Thermal asymmetries influence effects of warming on stage and size-dependent predator-prey interactions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Pepi ◽  
Tracie Hayes ◽  
Kelsey Lyberger
Keyword(s):  
Climate Warming ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Vital Rates ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
The Impact

AbstractClimate warming directly influences the developmental and feeding rates of organisms. Changes in these rates are likely to have consequences for species interactions, particularly for organisms affected by stage- or size-dependent predation. However, because of differences in species-specific responses to warming, predicting the impact of warming on predator and prey densities can be difficult. We present a general model of stage-dependent predation with temperature-dependent vital rates to explore the effects of warming when predator and prey have different thermal optima. We found that warming generally favored the interactor with the higher thermal optimum. Part of this effect occurred due to the stage-dependent nature of the interaction, and part due to thermal asymmetries. Furthermore, large differences in thermal optima between predators and prey (i.e., a high degree of asymmetry) led to a weaker interaction. Interestingly, below the predator and prey thermal optima, warming caused prey densities to decline, even as increasing temperature improved prey performance. We also parameterize our model using values from a well-studied system, Arctia virginalis and Formica lasioides, in which the predator has a warmer optimum. Overall, our results provide a general framework for understanding stage- and temperature-dependent predator-prey interactions, and illustrate that the thermal niche of both predator and prey are important to consider when predicting the effects of climate warming.

scholarly journals Interspecies Transmission of Simian Foamy Virus in a Natural Predator-Prey System

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (15) ◽  
pp. 7741-7744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian H. Leendertz ◽  
Florian Zirkel ◽  
Emmanuel Couacy-Hymann ◽  
Heinz Ellerbrok ◽  
Vladimir A. Morozov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foamy Virus ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Simian Foamy Virus ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Prey System ◽  
Colobus Monkeys ◽  
Foamy Viruses ◽  
Natural Predator ◽  
Species Specific

ABSTRACT Simian foamy viruses (SFV) are ancient retroviruses of primates and have coevolved with their host species for as many as 30 million years. Although humans are not naturally infected with foamy virus, infection is occasionally acquired through interspecies transmission from nonhuman primates. We show that interspecies transmissions occur in a natural hunter-prey system, i.e., between wild chimpanzees and colobus monkeys, both of which harbor their own species-specific strains of SFV. Chimpanzees infected with chimpanzee SFV strains were shown to be coinfected with SFV from colobus monkeys, indicating that apes are susceptible to SFV superinfection, including highly divergent strains from other primate species.

A note on a stage-specific predator–prey stochastic model

2020 ◽  
Vol 553 ◽  
pp. 124575
Author(s):  
Carlos Eduardo Hirth Pimentel ◽  
Pablo M. Rodriguez ◽  
Leon A. Valencia
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Specific Predator

Red queen dynamics in specific predator–prey systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 997-1016
Author(s):  
Terence Harris ◽  
Anna Q. Cai
Keyword(s):  
Red Queen ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Specific Predator

scholarly journals Species-specific strategies increase unpredictability of escape flight in eared moths

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Hügel ◽  
Holger R. Goerlitz
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Predator Detection ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Mixed Species Groups ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTMany prey animals form mixed-species groups. Mixed-species groups provide various benefits ranging increased food intake to increased chance of predator detection. The escape-tactic diversity hypothesis predicts another benefit. It postulates that the overall unpredictability of evasive movement is increased if multiple species with different evasive tactics mix, resulting in enhanced predator protection for the whole group. Echolocating bats and eared moths are a textbook example of predator-prey interactions. Moths exhibit evasive flight with diverse tactics; however, the variability of their evasive flight within and between species has never been systematically quantified. We therefore recorded flight strength of eight moth species in response to the same level of simulated bat predation. We show species-specific and size-independent differences in both overall flight strength and in change of flight strength over time, confirming the escape-tactic diversity hypothesis for eared moths. Additionally, we show strong inter-individual differences in evasive flight within some species. This diversity in escape tactic between eared moths increases the overall unpredictability of their evasive flight in mixed-species groups, likely providing better protection against predatory bats for the single individual.

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