Immunological relationship between infectious cough in horses and human influenza A

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Heller ◽  
�ke Espmark ◽  
Per Virid�n
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Human Influenza ◽  
Immunological Relationship

Evolution of the PB1 gene of human influenza A(H3N2) viruses circulating between 1968 and 2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongtong Sun ◽  
Yanna Guo ◽  
Lingcai Zhao ◽  
Menglu Fan ◽  
Nan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Human Influenza

scholarly journals Genetic evolution of the neuraminidase of influenza A (H3N2) viruses from 1968 to 2009 and its correspondence to haemagglutinin evolution

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (9) ◽  
pp. 1996-2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim B. Westgeest ◽  
Miranda de Graaf ◽  
Mathieu Fourment ◽  
Theo M. Bestebroer ◽  
Ruud van Beek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Genetic Maps ◽  
Genetic Evolution ◽  
Human Influenza ◽  
Nucleotide Level ◽  
Antigenic Evolution ◽  
Positively Selected Sites

Each year, influenza viruses cause epidemics by evading pre-existing humoral immunity through mutations in the major glycoproteins: the haemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA). In 2004, the antigenic evolution of HA of human influenza A (H3N2) viruses was mapped (Smith et al., Science 305, 371–376, 2004) from its introduction in humans in 1968 until 2003. The current study focused on the genetic evolution of NA and compared it with HA using the dataset of Smith and colleagues, updated to the epidemic of the 2009/2010 season. Phylogenetic trees and genetic maps were constructed to visualize the genetic evolution of NA and HA. The results revealed multiple reassortment events over the years. Overall rates of evolutionary change were lower for NA than for HA1 at the nucleotide level. Selection pressures were estimated, revealing an abundance of negatively selected sites and sparse positively selected sites. The differences found between the evolution of NA and HA1 warrant further analysis of the evolution of NA at the phenotypic level, as has been done previously for HA.

scholarly journals Vaccination against Human Influenza A/H3N2 Virus Prevents the Induction of Heterosubtypic Immunity against Lethal Infection with Avian Influenza A/H5N1 Virus

PLoS ONE ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. e5538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogier Bodewes ◽  
Joost H. C. M. Kreijtz ◽  
Chantal Baas ◽  
Martina M. Geelhoed-Mieras ◽  
Gerrie de Mutsert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
H5n1 Virus ◽  
H3n2 Virus ◽  
Human Influenza ◽  
Lethal Infection ◽  
Heterosubtypic Immunity

scholarly journals Non-random reassortment in human influenza A viruses

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul Rabadan ◽  
Arnold J. Levine ◽  
Michael Krasnitz
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Human Influenza ◽  
Influenza A Viruses

Molecular and antigenic evolution of human influenza A/H3N2 viruses in Quebec, Canada, 2009–2011

2012 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Ann ◽  
Jesse Papenburg ◽  
Xavier Bouhy ◽  
Chantal Rhéaume ◽  
Marie-Ève Hamelin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Human Influenza ◽  
Antigenic Evolution

scholarly journals N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid in Animal Models for Human Influenza A Virus

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 815
Author(s):  
Cindy M. Spruit ◽  
Nikoloz Nemanichvili ◽  
Masatoshi Okamatsu ◽  
Hiromu Takematsu ◽  
Geert-Jan Boons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Influenza ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Sialic Acid Content ◽  
Acetylneuraminic Acid

The first step in influenza virus infection is the binding of hemagglutinin to sialic acid-containing glycans present on the cell surface. Over 50 different sialic acid modifications are known, of which N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) are the two main species. Animal models with α2,6 linked Neu5Ac in the upper respiratory tract, similar to humans, are preferred to enable and mimic infection with unadapted human influenza A viruses. Animal models that are currently most often used to study human influenza are mice and ferrets. Additionally, guinea pigs, cotton rats, Syrian hamsters, tree shrews, domestic swine, and non-human primates (macaques and marmosets) are discussed. The presence of NeuGc and the distribution of sialic acid linkages in the most commonly used models is summarized and experimentally determined. We also evaluated the role of Neu5Gc in infection using Neu5Gc binding viruses and cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH)-/- knockout mice, which lack Neu5Gc and concluded that Neu5Gc is unlikely to be a decoy receptor. This article provides a base for choosing an appropriate animal model. Although mice are one of the most favored models, they are hardly naturally susceptible to infection with human influenza viruses, possibly because they express mainly α2,3 linked sialic acids with both Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc modifications. We suggest using ferrets, which resemble humans closely in the sialic acid content, both in the linkages and the lack of Neu5Gc, lung organization, susceptibility, and disease pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Improving pandemic influenza risk assessment

eLife ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin A Russell ◽  
Peter M Kasson ◽  
Ruben O Donis ◽  
Steven Riley ◽  
John Dunbar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Pandemic Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Human Influenza ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Virus Genotype

Assessing the pandemic risk posed by specific non-human influenza A viruses is an important goal in public health research. As influenza virus genome sequencing becomes cheaper, faster, and more readily available, the ability to predict pandemic potential from sequence data could transform pandemic influenza risk assessment capabilities. However, the complexities of the relationships between virus genotype and phenotype make such predictions extremely difficult. The integration of experimental work, computational tool development, and analysis of evolutionary pathways, together with refinements to influenza surveillance, has the potential to transform our ability to assess the risks posed to humans by non-human influenza viruses and lead to improved pandemic preparedness and response.

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