Predicting freshwater critical loads from national data on geology, soils and land use

1995 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 2443-2448 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Hall ◽  
S. M. Wright ◽  
T. H. Sparks ◽  
J. Ullyett ◽  
T. E. H. Allott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Critical Loads ◽  
National Data ◽  
Freshwater Critical Loads

Predicting Freshwater Critical Loads from National Data on Geology, Soils and Land Use

1995 ◽  
pp. 2443-2448
Author(s):  
J. R. Hall ◽  
S. M. Wright ◽  
T. H. Sparks ◽  
J. Ullyett ◽  
T. E. H. Allott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Critical Loads ◽  
National Data ◽  
Freshwater Critical Loads

scholarly journals Benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene in urban environments of eastern Moscow: pollution levels and critical loads

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 2217-2227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolay S. Kasimov ◽  
Natalia E. Kosheleva ◽  
Elena M. Nikiforova ◽  
Dmitry V. Vlasov
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Critical Loads ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Average Intensity ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Local Background ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The Mean

Abstract. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particularly benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), are toxic compounds emitted from various anthropogenic sources. Understanding the BaP concentrations, dynamics and decomposition in soil is required to assess the critical loads of BaP in urban environments. This study is the first attempt to evaluate all major input and output components of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) balance and to calculate the permissible load on the urban environment in different land-use zones in the Eastern district of Moscow. BaP contamination of the snow cover in the Eastern district of Moscow was related to daily BaP fallout from the atmosphere. In 2010, the mean content of the pollutant in the snow dust was 1942 ng g−1, whereas the average intensity of its fallout was 7.13 ng m−2 per day. Across the territory, BaP winter fallout intensities varied from 0.3 to 1100 ng m−2 per day. The average BaP content in the surface (0–10 cm) soil horizons was 409 ng g−1, which is 83 times higher than the local background value and 20 times higher than the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) accepted in Russia. The variations in soil and snow BaP concentrations among different land-use zones were examined. A significant contribution of BaP from the atmosphere to urban soils was identified. Based on the measurements of BaP atmospheric fallout and BaP reserves in the soils, the critical loads of BaP for the land-use zones in the Eastern district were calculated for different values of degradation intensity and different exposure times. It was established that at an annual degradation intensity of 1–10 %, ecologically safe BaP levels in the soils of all land-use zones, excluding the agricultural zone, will only be reached after many decades or centuries.

scholarly journals A two-layer application of the MAGIC model to predict the effects of land use scenarios and reductions in deposition on acid sensitive soils in the UK

1998 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Helliwell ◽  
R. C. Ferrier ◽  
A. Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Acidification ◽  
Critical Loads ◽  
Base Saturation ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Layer Model ◽  
Magic Model ◽  
Land Use Scenarios ◽  
Two Layer Model ◽  
The Uk

Abstract. A two-layer application of the catchment-based soil and surface water acidification model, MAGIC, was applied to 21 sites in the UK Acid Waters Monitoring Network (AWAMN), and the results were compared with those from a one-layer application of the model. The two-layer model represented typical soil properties more accurately by segregating the organic and mineral horizons into two separate soil compartments. Reductions in sulphur (S) emissions associated with the Second S Protocol and different forestry (land use) scenarios were modelled, and their effects on soil acidification evaluated. Soil acidification was assessed in terms of base saturation and critical loads for the molar ratio of base cations (CA2+ + MG 2+ + K+) to aluminium (Al) in soil solution. The results of the two-layer application indicate that base saturation of the organic compartment was very responsive to changes in land use and deposition compared with the mineral soil. With the two- layer model, the organic soil compartment was particularly sensitive to acid deposition, which resulted in the critical load being predicted to be exceeded at eight sites in 1997 and two sites in 2010. These results indicate that further reductions in S deposition are necessary to raise the base cation (BC):Al ratio above the threshold which is harmful to tree roots. At forested sites BC:Al ratios were generally well below the threshold designated for soil critical loads in Europe and forecasts indicate that forest replanting can adversely affect the acid status of sensitive term objectives of protecting and sustaining soil and water quality. Policy formulation must seek to protect the most sensitive environmental receptor, in this case organic soils. It is clear, therefore, that simply securing protection of surface waters, via the critical loads approach, may not ensure adequate protection of low base status organic soils from the effects of acidification.

Improving the spatial resolution and ecostratification of crop yield estimates in Canada

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuneng Du ◽  
Ted Huffman ◽  
Bahram Daneshfar ◽  
Melodie Green ◽  
Feng Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Crop Insurance ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
National Data ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
High Level ◽  
Insurance Data ◽  
Broad Level

Du, Y., Huffman, T., Daneshfar, B., Green, M., Feng, F., Liu, J., Liu, T. and Liu, H. 2015. Improving the spatial resolution and ecostratification of crop yield estimates in Canada. Can. J. Soil Sci. 95: 287–297. Canada's terrestrial ecostratification framework provides nested spatial units for organizing national data related to soils, landforms and land use. In the agricultural domain, the lack of national, uniform crop yield data on the ecostratification framework severely hinders our ability to evaluate the biophysical data with respect to economic and climatic conditions. We developed a national crop yield database at the regional (ecodistrict) level by aggregating individual records of an existing but very broad-level sample-derived yield database according to the ecostratification hierarchy. Issues related to the different sampling frameworks and the need for confidentiality of individual records were resolved in order to generate an ecostratified crop yield dataset at a reasonably detailed spatial scale. Sixty crops were first statistically arranged into 37 agronomically similar crop groups in order to increase class size, and these crop groups were aggregated into increasingly large spatial units until confidentiality was assured. The methodology maintained data quality and confidentiality while producing crop yield estimates at the ecodistrict level. Comparison to independent crop insurance data confirmed that the resulting crop yield data are valid where estimates were derived from data released at the level of an ecodistrict or an ecoregion, but not at the ecoprovince level. Our crop yield estimates offer a reasonably high level of spatial precision while remaining within standard confidentiality constraints.

scholarly journals Benzo(a)pyrene in Urban Environment of Eastern Moscow: Pollution Levels and Critical Loads

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolay S. Kasimov ◽  
Elena M. Nikiforova ◽  
Natalia E. Kosheleva ◽  
Dmitry V. Vlasov
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Critical Loads ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Average Intensity ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Local Background ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The Mean

Abstract. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and particularly benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) are toxic compounds emitted from various anthropogenic sources. Understanding the BaP concentrations, dynamics and decomposition in soil is required to assess the critical loads of BaP in urban environments. The first attempt to evaluate all major input and output components of BaP balance and to calculate the permissible load on the urban environment in different land-use zones of the Eastern District of Moscow was done. BaP contamination of the snow cover in the Eastern District of Moscow was related to daily BaP fallouts from the atmosphere. In 2010 the mean content of the pollutant in the snow dust was 1942 ng g−1 whereas the average intensity of its fallout was 7.13 ng m−2 per day. Across the territory BaP winter fallout intensities varied from 0.3 to 1100 ng m−2 per day. The average BaP content in the surface (0–10 cm) soil horizons was 409 ng g−1, which is 83 times higher than the local background value and 20 times higher than the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) accepted in Russia. The variations in soil and snow BaP concentrations among different land-use zones were examined. A significant contribution of BaP from the atmosphere to urban soils was identified. Based on the measurements of BaP atmospheric fallout and BaP reserves in the soils, the critical loads of BaP for the land-use zones of the Eastern District were calculated for different values of degradation intensity and different exposure time. It was established that, at annual degradation intensity of 1–10 %, the ecologically safe BaP levels in soils of all land-use zones, excluding the agricultural one, will be reached only after many decades and centuries.

scholarly journals Dot Symbol Auto-Filling Method for Complex Areas Considering Shape Features

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Yong Yin ◽  
Chengming Li ◽  
Pengda Wu
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Regular Pattern ◽  
Shape Features ◽  
National Data ◽  
Tile Type ◽  
Filling Method ◽  
Inner Region ◽  
Point Type ◽  
Point Level

Filling dot maps with a regular pattern is a key step in visual representation of land use data. The traditional methods cannot adapt well to shape features of complex areas, leading to an unreasonable symbol arrangement in the inner region and area boundaries during symbol filling. For this reason, a dot symbol auto-filling method of complex areas considering shape features is proposed in this paper. First, based on the constrained Delaunay triangulation, the internal structure of a complex area is divided into three simple filling areas denoted tile type, narrow type, and point type. Next, according to the geometric shape features, these three type areas are filled with plane, line, and point level of symbols respectively. Finally, the dot symbols near to boundaries are adjusted on the basis of the boundary constraint to optimize the symbol-filling effect. Based on the national data of a region in Guizhou Province, the method proposed in this paper is compared to the traditional symbol filling methods for validation. The experimental results show that the proposed method improves the dot symbol sufficiency of complex areas, and the edge of dot symbol group closely adhere to the boundary and conform to the extension characteristics of boundary without creating spatial conflicts such as spatial overlap, the filling result can better reflect the shape features of the areas.

scholarly journals Dot Symbol Auto-filling Method for Land-use Areas in Cartographic Representation

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Yong Yin ◽  
Chengcheng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Shape Features ◽  
National Data ◽  
Tile Type ◽  
Filling Method ◽  
Point Line ◽  
Inner Region ◽  
Point Type

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Dot symbol filling is a key step in the visualization of land use areas data. The traditional method cannot adapt well to the shape features of complex areas, which leads to the unreasonable symbol arrangement in the inner region and boundary of areas during symbol filling. For this reason, a dot symbol auto-filling method for land-use areas considering shape features is proposed in this paper. Firstly, based on the constrained Delaunay triangulation, the internal structure of complex areas is branched and the paragraphs with the same width and narrowness features in the branch are extracted to realize the fine division of complex areas. Then, according to the geometric shape features of the segment, it is divided into three types, i.e., tile type, narrow type and point type, filled with three levels of symbols: point, line and plane respectively. Finally, the internal and external buffer constraints are set to process the symbols at the boundary of areas to optimize the filling effect of boundary symbols. Based on the national data of a region in Guizhou Province, the method in this paper is compared with the traditional symbol filling methods for validation. The experimental results show that the proposed method has better filling fullness for symbol filling of complex areas, and the symbols at the boundary fit areas contour without creating spatial conflicts such as cover, and the filling result can better reflect the shape features of the areas.</p>

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