Theory of muonic molecule formation: Survey of progress and open questions

1993 ◽  
Vol 82 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Leon
Keyword(s):  
Muonic Molecule ◽  
Molecule Formation ◽  
Open Questions

Quadrupole corrections to matrix elements of transitions in resonant reactions of muonic molecule formation

1996 ◽  
Vol 101-102 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Faifman ◽  
T. A. Strizh ◽  
E. A. G. Armour ◽  
M. R. Harston
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Elements ◽  
Muonic Molecule ◽  
Molecule Formation

scholarly journals Nonequilibrium ionization and ambipolar diffusion in solar magnetic flux emergence processes

2020 ◽  
Vol 633 ◽  
pp. A66 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Nóbrega-Siverio ◽  
F. Moreno-Insertis ◽  
J. Martínez-Sykora ◽  
M. Carlsson ◽  
M. Szydlarski
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Ambipolar Diffusion ◽  
Solar Interior ◽  
Magnetized Plasma ◽  
Flux Emergence ◽  
Diffusion Term ◽  
Molecule Formation ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
The Impact

Context. Magnetic flux emergence from the solar interior has been shown to be a key mechanism for unleashing a wide variety of phenomena. However, there are still open questions concerning the rise of the magnetized plasma through the atmosphere, mainly in the chromosphere, where the plasma departs from local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) and is partially ionized. Aims. We aim to investigate the impact of the nonequilibrium (NEQ) ionization and recombination and molecule formation of hydrogen, as well as ambipolar diffusion, on the dynamics and thermodynamics of the flux emergence process. Methods. Using the radiation-magnetohydrodynamic Bifrost code, we performed 2.5D numerical experiments of magnetic flux emergence from the convection zone up to the corona. The experiments include the NEQ ionization and recombination of atomic hydrogen, the NEQ formation and dissociation of H2 molecules, and the ambipolar diffusion term of the generalized Ohm’s law. Results. Our experiments show that the LTE assumption substantially underestimates the ionization fraction in most of the emerged region, leading to an artificial increase in the ambipolar diffusion and, therefore, in the heating and temperatures as compared to those found when taking the NEQ effects on the hydrogen ion population into account. We see that LTE also overestimates the number density of H2 molecules within the emerged region, thus mistakenly magnifying the exothermic contribution of the H2 molecule formation to the thermal energy during the flux emergence process. We find that the ambipolar diffusion does not significantly affect the amount of total unsigned emerged magnetic flux, but it is important in the shocks that cross the emerged region, heating the plasma on characteristic times ranging from 0.1 to 100 s. We also briefly discuss the importance of including elements heavier than hydrogen in the equation of state so as not to overestimate the role of ambipolar diffusion in the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Muonic molecule formation in muon-catalyzed fusion

2010 ◽  
Vol 225 ◽  
pp. 012025
Author(s):  
Naritoshi Kawamura ◽  
Katsuhiko Ishida ◽  
Teiichiro Matsuzaki ◽  
Hiroshi Imao ◽  
Kanetada Nagamine
Keyword(s):  
Muon Catalyzed Fusion ◽  
Muonic Molecule ◽  
Molecule Formation

What’s Next?

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Vorderer
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Entertainment Products ◽  
Entertainment Theory

This paper points to new developments in the context of entertainment theory. Starting from a background of well-established theories that have been proposed and elaborated mainly by Zillmann and his collaborators since the 1980s, a new two-factor model of entertainment is introduced. This model encompasses “enjoyment” and “appreciation” as two independent factors. In addition, several open questions regarding cultural differences in humans’ responses to entertainment products or the usefulness of various theoretical concepts like “presence,” “identification,” or “transportation” are also discussed. Finally, the question of why media users are seeking entertainment is brought to the forefront, and a possibly relevant need such as the “search for meaningfulness” is mentioned as a possible major candidate for such an explanation.

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