Integration of afferent information on ganglion nodosum neurons

1991 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
S. D. Mikhailova ◽  
N. A. Bebyakova ◽  
T. M. Semushkina
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Nodosum ◽  
Afferent Information

scholarly journals Facilitation of cutaneous inputs during the planning phase of gait initiation

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Mouchnino ◽  
Aurélie Fontan ◽  
Christophe Tandonnet ◽  
Joy Perrier ◽  
Anahid H. Saradjian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evoked Potential ◽  
Gait Initiation ◽  
Motor Execution ◽  
Movement Execution ◽  
Movement Initiation ◽  
Somatosensory Stimulation ◽  
Planning Phase ◽  
Step Initiation ◽  
Afferent Information ◽  
Afferent Inputs

It has been shown that during the planning of a voluntary movement the transmission of cutaneous afferent inputs to the somatosensory cortex is attenuated shortly before the motor output as well as during movement execution. However, it is not known whether the sensory suppression observed during the planning phase (i.e., before any movement execution) is a systemic phenomenon or whether it is dependent on movement context. For example, movements such as step initiation are controlled based on information received from cutaneous receptors in the feet. Because afferent information emerging from these receptors is critical for movement initiation, we hypothesized that suppression of these inputs may not occur during the planning phase prior to gait initiation. To examine this hypothesis we measured the cortical response to somatosensory stimulation during the planning phase of step initiation and during movement execution. Sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation was assessed by measuring the amplitude of the cortical somatosensory-evoked potential (SEP, over the Cz electrode) following electrical stimulations of the plantar sole of one foot. Two stimulations were provided during the planning phase of a step movement and two stimulations during movement execution. It was found that the P50-N80 SEP was facilitated in the early planning phase (−700 ms before motor execution) compared with when participants remained still (control standing task). This mechanism might contribute to an enhanced perception of cutaneous input leading to a more accurate setting of the forces to be exerted onto the ground to shift the body's weight toward the supporting side prior to foot-off.

Neonatal chest wall afferents and regulation of respiration

1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hagan ◽  
A. C. Bryan ◽  
M. H. Bryan ◽  
G. Gulston
Keyword(s):  
Chest Wall ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Applied Pressure ◽  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regulation Of Respiration ◽  
Quiet Sleep ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Afferent Information

We have studied two groups of eight preterm infants, relating chest wall afferent information to respiratory timing. Rib cage and abdominal motion were monitored by magnetometers and flow and tidal volume via a face mask. In the first group, studies were done in REM sleep when spontaneously occurring distortion of the rib cage occurred and a significant linear relationship between the rate of distortion of the chest wall and shortening of the inspiratory time (Ti) was found in all infants. Reduction in this distortion by the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or continuous negative pressure at the body surface (CNeg) was associated with a significant (P less than 0.01) lengthening of Ti. Absence of changes in Ti when pressure was applied in quiet sleep suggested that lung volume or chemical changes were not involved. In the second group of infants we artificially generated the afferent inflow by using vibratory stimuli applied in one intercostal interspace and produced a significant (P less than 0.05) shortening in Ti. We suggest that the distortion of the rib cage in REM sleep generates afferent information from intercostal muscle spindles that is related to the rate of distortion and this, via a supraspinal reflex, inhibits phrenic motoneuron discharge. It may then be of importance in the etiology of apneic episodes in these infants. Applied pressure may be of benefit because it reduces an inhibitory afferent inflow.

Vestibular Signals in Self-Orientation and Eye Movement Control

Physiology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 234-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard J. M. Hess
Keyword(s):  
Signal Processing ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Vestibular System ◽  
Retinal Image ◽  
Internal Model ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Head Position ◽  
Head Motion ◽  
Afferent Information ◽  
The Brain

The central vestibular system receives afferent information about head position as well as rotation and translation. This information is used to prevent blurring of the retinal image but also to control self-orientation and motion in space. Vestibular signal processing in the brain stem appears to be linked to an internal model of head motion in space.

Symmetry, bifurcations, and chaos in a distributed respiratory control system

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 2481-2495 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sammon
Keyword(s):  
Chaotic Behavior ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Oscillatory Behavior ◽  
Phase Switching ◽  
Control Distribution ◽  
Complex Eigenvalues ◽  
Afferent Information ◽  
Switching Functions ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Afferent Control

A multivariate model is outlined for a distributed respiratory central pattern generator (RCPG) and its afferent control. Oscillatory behavior of the system depends on structure and symmetry of a matrix of phase-switching functions (F omega, phi) that control distribution of central excitation (CE) and inhibition (CI) within the circuit. The matrix diagonal (F omega) controls activation of CI variables as excitatory inputs are altered (e.g., central and afferent contributions to inspiratory off switch); off-diagonal terms (F phi) distribute excitations within the CI system and produce complex eigenvalues at the switching points between inspiration and expiration. For null F phi, phase switchings of saddle equilibria located at end expiration and end inspiration are overdamped all-or-nothing events; graded control of CI is seen for phi > 0. When coupling is significant (phi >> 0), CI dynamics become underdamped, admitting a domain of inputs where chaotic behavior is predictably observed. For the homogeneous RCPG (symmetric F omega, phi), CE oscillations are one-dimensional limit cycles (D = 1) or weakly chaotic (D approximately equal to 1). When perturbations from symmetry are significant, the distributed RCPG becomes partitioned where strongly chaotic oscillations (D > or = 2) and central apnea (D = 0) are seen more frequently. The equations provide means for mapping Silnikov bifurcations that alter the geometry and dimension of the breathing pattern and formalisms for discussing RCPG processing of afferent information.

scholarly journals Integration of signals from different cortical areas in higher order thalamic neurons

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (30) ◽  
pp. e2104137118
Author(s):  
Vandana Sampathkumar ◽  
Andrew Miller-Hansen ◽  
S. Murray Sherman ◽  
Narayanan Kasthuri
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Cortical Layer ◽  
Thalamic Neurons ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Medial Nucleus ◽  
Afferent Information ◽  
Posterior Medial Nucleus ◽  
Depth And Complexity ◽  
Genetic Labeling

Higher order thalamic neurons receive driving inputs from cortical layer 5 and project back to the cortex, reflecting a transthalamic route for corticocortical communication. To determine whether or not individual neurons integrate signals from different cortical populations, we combined electron microscopy “connectomics” in mice with genetic labeling to disambiguate layer 5 synapses from somatosensory and motor cortices to the higher order thalamic posterior medial nucleus. A significant convergence of these inputs was found on 19 of 33 reconstructed thalamic cells, and as a population, the layer 5 synapses were larger and located more proximally on dendrites than were unlabeled synapses. Thus, many or most of these thalamic neurons do not simply relay afferent information but instead integrate signals as disparate in this case as those emanating from sensory and motor cortices. These findings add further depth and complexity to the role of the higher order thalamus in overall cortical functioning.

5-Hydroxy-tryptamine modulates pheromone-evoked local field potentials in the macroglomerular complex of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (11) ◽  
pp. 1701-1709 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kloppenburg ◽  
T. Heinbockel
Keyword(s):  
Manduca Sexta ◽  
Local Field ◽  
Local Field Potentials ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Intracellular Recordings ◽  
Field Potentials ◽  
Mate Finding ◽  
Afferent Information ◽  
Intact Brain

Extra- and intracellular recordings from an intact brain preparation were used to study the effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT or serotonin) on projection neurons in the sexually dimorphic macroglomerular complex (MGC) in the antennal lobe of the male moth Manduca sexta. The MGC is a group of three identified glomeruli specialized for synaptic processing of primary afferent information about the multi-component sex pheromone of the female. We investigated the modulatory effects of 5-HT on pheromone-evoked local field potentials in the MGC. The magnitude and duration of these potentials, which are thought to be generated by a population of pheromone-sensitive projection neurons of the MGC, were increased by 5-HT. Using intracellular recordings from the neurites of individual MGC projection neurons, we found that 5-HT increased the number of action potentials in response to pheromonal stimulation. These findings correlate well with earlier experiments that used other recording techniques. Our results are further evidence that 5-HT modulates a population of pheromone-sensitive MGC projection neurons that relay information about the pheromonal stimulus from the MGC to higher-order centers in the protocerebrum and are therefore pivotal for mate-finding and odor-guided behavior.

The Effects of Branchial Denervation and Pseudobranch Ablation on Cardioventilatory Control in an Air-Breathing Fish

1991 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. 347-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID J. McKENZIE ◽  
MARK L. BURLESON ◽  
DAVID J. RANDALL
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Sodium Cyanide ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Reflex Bradycardia ◽  
Afferent Information ◽  
Gill Ventilation ◽  
Air Ventilation ◽  
Amia Calva

Present address and address for reprint requests: Istituto di Scienze Farmacologiche, via Balzaretti 9, Università di Milano, Milano 20133, Italy. The role of sensory afferent information from the gills of Amia calva in cardiovascular and ventilatory control was investigated by bilateral branchial denervation and pseudobranch ablation. Aquatic hypoxia or 1 mg of sodium cyanide (NaCN) in the water flowing over the gills stimulated bradycardia, and gill and air ventilation in sham-operated fish. Sodium cyanide, noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) infusion into the dorsal aorta increased gill ventilation, and NA and A infusion also stimulated tachycardia and an increase in blood pressure. Following denervation and pseudobranch ablation, O2 consumption (V·OO2), airbreathing frequency (fAB) and arterial O2 tension (PaOO2) declined, and circulating NA levels increased, as compared with sham-operated fish. Cardiovascular and air-breathing responses to hypoxia were abolished and gill ventilatory responses attenuated. All ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to NaCN were abolished and gill ventilatory responses to NA and A were attenuated in animals following denervation and pseudobranch ablation. These results demonstrate that O2-sensitive chemoreceptors in the gills and pseudobranch control reflex bradycardia and air-breathing responses in Amia, but that gill ventilatory responses to hypoxia, NA and A are partially mediated by extrabranchial mechanisms. Plasma NA levels increased during hypoxia in shamoperated and denervated animals, indicating that circulating NA may have mediated gill ventilatory responses in denervated animals.

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