Reactions of the hypothalamo-hypophyseo-adrenal system to antigenic stimulation of the afferent apparatus of the isolated carotid sinus

1970 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 988-991
Author(s):  
S. A. Eremina ◽  
�. S. Gul'yants
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Sinus ◽  
Antigenic Stimulation ◽  
Adrenal System ◽  
Stimulation Of

Baroreflex Sensitivity Assessment – Latest Advances and Strategies

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Teresa La Rovere ◽  
Roberto Maestri ◽  
Gian Domenico Pinna ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baroreflex Sensitivity ◽  
Carotid Sinus ◽  
Lower Blood Pressure ◽  
Vasomotor Tone ◽  
Sensitivity Assessment ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
Prognostic Implications ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Sympathetic Vasomotor Tone ◽  
Stimulation Of

The baroreflex mechanism has been recognised as a key part of cardiovascular regulation. Alterations in the baroreceptor-heart rate reflex (baroreflex sensitivity [BRS]) contribute to sympathetic–parasympathetic imbalance, playing a major role in the development and progression of many cardiovascular disorders. Therefore, the measurement of the baroreflex is a source of valuable information in the clinical management of cardiac disease patients. This article reviews the most relevant advances for the measurement of BRS and their clinical and prognostic implications. Novel therapeutic strategies, exploring the use of electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus, have been evaluated recently in experimental and preliminary clinical studies to lower blood pressure and to reduce the level of baroreflex-mediated sympathoexcitation in heart failure. A recent study has also shown that the implementation of an artificial baroreflex system to regulate sympathetic vasomotor tone automatically is feasible.

Electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus lowers arterial pressure and improves heart rate variability in l-NAME hypertensive conscious rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 1057-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gean Domingos-Souza ◽  
Fernanda Machado Santos-Almeida ◽  
César Arruda Meschiari ◽  
Nathanne S. Ferreira ◽  
Camila A. Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Carotid Sinus ◽  
Conscious Rats ◽  
Stimulation Of

Supraspinal inhibition of a cutaneous vascular reflex in the cat

1964 ◽  
Vol 207 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Prout ◽  
J. H. Coote ◽  
C. B. B. Downman
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Sinus ◽  
Spinal Reflexes ◽  
Descending Pathways ◽  
Skin Response ◽  
Reflex Arc ◽  
Vascular Reflex ◽  
Carotid Sinus Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Sympathetic Discharge ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Cerebellar Stimulation

In cats anesthetized with chloralose-urethane mixture, stimulation of an afferent nerve evoked a vasoconstrictor reflex (VCR) and a galvanic skin response (GSR) in the pads of the feet. Stimulation of the ventromedial medullary reticular substance at the level of the obex abolished the VCR and the GSR. VCR could also be reduced by occlusion during prolonged stimulation of another spinal or visceral afferent pathway. Medulla stimulation was effective without itself causing a sympathetic discharge to the paw, showing that inhibition rather than occlusion was operative. Anterior cerebellar stimulation also inhibited the VCR. Carotid sinus nerve stimulation did not abolish the VCR. It is concluded that the effective mechanism includes a bulbospinal inhibitory path projecting on a spinal vasoconstrictor reflex arc. This arrangement is similar to the descending pathways inhibiting other spinal reflexes but the VCR-inhibitory path can be activated independently of them.

scholarly journals THE MECHANISM OF ANTIGENIC STIMULATION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CLONAL PRECURSOR CELLS

1972 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman R. Klinman
Keyword(s):  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Precursor Cells ◽  
Antigenic Stimulation ◽  
Soluble Antigen ◽  
Antigen Receptors ◽  
Antigen Concentration ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Specific Enhancement ◽  
Stimulation Of

Cell transfers to carrier-immunized irradiated mice have permitted an analysis of the in vitro stimulation of clonal precursors of anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibody-producing cells derived from both immune and nonimmune mice. The results indicate that: (a) carrier-specific enhancement is obligatory for stimulation of primary precursor cells and increases both the size and number of detectable foci derived from secondary precursors. (b) This carrier-specific enhancement is most apparent in the stimulation of precursors of high-affinity antibody producer cells. (c) The antibody produced by primary foci, like that of secondary foci, appears homogeneous. (d) The frequency of clonal precursors in normal spleens is 38% that in spleens from mice 4–8 months after immunization, and the number of such precursors in normal spleens can be reduced fivefold by specific suppression of donor mice with soluble antigen. (e) The average of association constants of primary monofocal antibodies, like that of primary serum antibody produced in carrier-primed mice, is less than 10-fold lower than that of secondary clonal or serum antibody. (f) The affinity of primary monofocal antibodies shows a slight dependence on stimulating antigen concentration; however, a minimum threshold affinity consonant with stimulation is apparent. (g) Free hapten inhibits antigenic stimulation of primary precursor cells at a much lower concentration than is required for the inhibition of secondary precursors. These results are interpreted as indicating that (a) primary stimulation, like secondary stimulation, results from the selective stimulation by antigen of a population of cells differing from one another in their potential antibody product but each having only a single such product; (b) the antigen receptors of primary cells interact with antigen as if they are monovalent while receptors of secondary cells evidence multivalence; (c) antigenic stimulation appears to require both a relatively high affinity of receptors for bound antigen and an interlinking of receptors through such antigen; stimulation is thus seen as resulting from a stabilization of receptors within antigen-receptor aggregates to the cell surface; (d) T-cells appear to serve both in cross-linking antigens and in amplifying the size of stimulated clones.

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