Functional relationships between blood vessels and sinuses of the lymph nodes under normal conditions and in experimental disturbances of the blood and lymph circulation

1965 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1142-1144
Author(s):  
Yu. I. Borodin ◽  
G. V. Tomchik
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Lymph Circulation ◽  
Functional Relationships

Localization of Receptors for Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Somatostatin, and Substance P in Distinct Compartments of Human Lymphoid Organs

Blood ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Claude Reubi ◽  
Ursula Horisberger ◽  
Andreas Kappeler ◽  
Jean A. Laissue
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide ◽  
Peyer's Patches ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Peyer’S Patches ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Peptide Receptors ◽  
Vip Receptors

Regulatory peptides, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), somatostatin (SS), or substance P (SP), are considered to play a role in immune regulation. To localize the targets of these peptides in the human immune system, their receptors have been evaluated with in vitro receptor autoradiography in lymph nodes, tonsils, appendix, Peyer's patches, spleen, and thymus. The three peptide receptors were detected in all lymphoid tissues tested, but, unexpectedly, usually in distinct compartments. In lymph nodes, palatine tonsils, vermiform appendix, and Peyer's patches, VIP receptors were found in the CD3 positive zone around lymphoid follicles; SS receptors in the germinal centers of secondary follicles; and SP receptors mainly in interfollicular blood vessels. In the spleen, VIP receptors were detected in periarterial lymphatic sheaths, SS receptors in the red pulp, and SP receptors in the central arteries. In the thymus, VIP receptors were present in cortex and medulla, SS receptors in the medulla, and SP receptors in blood vessels. For comparison, cholecystokinin (CCK)-A and -B receptors were not demonstrated in any of these tissues. These results suggest a strong compartmentalization of the three peptide receptors in human lymphoid tissues and represent the molecular basis for the understanding of a very complex and interactive mode of action of these peptides.

scholarly journals Angiogenesis in Lymph Nodes Is a Critical Regulator of Immune Response and Lymphoma Growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lutz Menzel ◽  
Uta E. Höpken ◽  
Armin Rehm
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Vascular Remodeling ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Angiogenic Growth Factors ◽  
High Endothelial Venules ◽  
Vessel Growth

Tumor-induced remodeling of the microenvironment in lymph nodes (LNs) includes the formation of blood vessels, which goes beyond the regulation of metabolism, and shaping a survival niche for tumor cells. In contrast to solid tumors, which primarily rely on neo-angiogenesis, hematopoietic malignancies usually grow within pre-vascularized autochthonous niches in secondary lymphatic organs or the bone marrow. The mechanisms of vascular remodeling in expanding LNs during infection-induced responses have been studied in more detail; in contrast, insights into the conditions of lymphoma growth and lodging remain enigmatic. Based on previous murine studies and clinical trials in human, we conclude that there is not a universal LN-specific angiogenic program applicable. Instead, signaling pathways that are tightly connected to autochthonous and infiltrating cell types contribute variably to LN vascular expansion. Inflammation related angiogenesis within LNs relies on dendritic cell derived pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulating vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) expression in fibroblastic reticular cells, which in turn triggers vessel growth. In high-grade B cell lymphoma, angiogenesis correlates with poor prognosis. Lymphoma cells immigrate and grow in LNs and provide pro-angiogenic growth factors themselves. In contrast to infectious stimuli that impact on LN vasculature, they do not trigger the typical inflammatory and hypoxia-related stroma-remodeling cascade. Blood vessels in LNs are unique in selective recruitment of lymphocytes via high endothelial venules (HEVs). The dissemination routes of neoplastic lymphocytes are usually disease stage dependent. Early seeding via the blood stream requires the expression of the homeostatic chemokine receptor CCR7 and of L-selectin, both cooperate to facilitate transmigration of tumor and also of protective tumor-reactive lymphocytes via HEV structures. In this view, the HEV route is not only relevant for lymphoma cell homing, but also for a continuous immunosurveillance. We envision that HEV functional and structural alterations during lymphomagenesis are not only key to vascular remodeling, but also impact on tumor cell accessibility when targeted by T cell–mediated immunotherapies.

An Angiomyomatous Hamartoma With Features of Vascular Transformation of Sinuses in the Mediastinal Lymph Node of a Beagle Dog

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1017-1024
Author(s):  
Sophie Nelissen ◽  
Ronnie Chamanza
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Mediastinal Lymph Node ◽  
Smooth Muscle Actin ◽  
Fibrous Tissue ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Beagle Dog

Two similar benign, nonneoplastic vascular lesions have been described in the lymph nodes of humans and animals: angiomyomatous hamartoma (AMH), which is characterized by the replacement of lymphoid tissue by blood vessels, smooth muscle, and fibrous tissue, and vascular transformation of sinuses (VTS), which is considered a reactive transformation of lymph node sinuses into capillary-like vascular channels. We hereby report a lesion with features common to both lesions in the mediastinal lymph nodes of a 1-year-old beagle dog in a 1-month toxicity study. Grossly, enlargement and red discoloration were observed, while microscopically, the lesion was characterized by effacement of the lymph node parenchyma with replacement by mature blood vessels, smooth muscle, and fibrous tissue, associated with lymphoid atrophy, which is consistent with AMH. However, multifocal areas of anastomosing or plexiform capillary-like channels lined by normal to slightly plump endothelium, similar to those described for VTS, were also present. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed abundant positive staining for smooth muscle actin and endothelial cells (von Willebrand factor/factor VIII) and the absence of proliferation (Ki67). In conclusion, these lesions most likely represent a mixture of both AMH and VTS.

scholarly journals VI. A system of a "fine" vessels associated with the lymphatics in the cod ( Gadus morrhua )

1929 ◽  
Vol 217 (440-449) ◽  
pp. 335-366 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
The Body ◽  
Reverse Direction ◽  
Normal Type ◽  
Small Artery ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Lymph Circulation ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
The Individual

In a paper published in 1926 (4) I described, in the head and forepart of the body of the Angler Fish ( Lophius piscatorius ), “a system of 'fine’ vessels probably of a lymphatic nature.” These vessels formed delicate and intricate networks in the connective tissues around the arteries and lymph channels and were ultimately distributed to the mucous membranes of the mouth, pharynx and gills, to the walls of the arteries, and to the skin. The individual vessels presented a structure similar to that of a small artery and frequently contained blood; but so far as I could observe the system was not connected in any way with the blood vessels, but was continuous through a terminal capillary network with the lymphatic vessels of normal type described by Trois, Sappey, and other older anatomists. In young Teleosteans the lymph circulation has been shown (10, 12) to resemble that of the blood, with an outward flow to the periphery and an inward flow in the reverse direction, necessitating afferent and efferent component vessels. From the facts observed in Lophius , I put forward the suggestion that the "fine” vessels were probably the afferent component of this double-lymph circulation.

scholarly journals CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF ANTIBACTERIAL DEFENSE IN LYMPH NODES

1949 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 567-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph O. Smith ◽  
W. Barry Wood
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
The Other ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Focus ◽  
Subcapsular Sinus ◽  
Infected Lymph Node ◽  
Leucocyte Infiltration

The origin of the polymorphonuclear leucocytes found in the intermediary and subcapsular sinuses of the popliteal lymph node during acute bacterial lymphadenitis, and the effect of this leucocyte infiltration on the passage of bacteria through the lymph node have been investigated. It has been demonstrated that: 1. The polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the nodal sinuses originate both from blood vessels of the lymph node and from the primary inflammatory focus in the tissues. 2. Granulocytes invading the intermediary sinuses of the infected lymph node arise primarily from capillaries lining these sinuses. 3. Most of the polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the subcapsular sinus, on the other hand, originate from the inflammatory focus in the tissues and appear to traverse the node by way of this peripheral sinus. 4. The bacteremia following direct intralymphatic injection of pneumococci is suppressed by the presence of preformed inflammatory exudate in the nodal sinuses indicating that the filtering capacity of the node is thereby greatly increased.

Common Cues in Vascular and Axon Guidance

Physiology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 348-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Serini ◽  
Federico Bussolino
Keyword(s):  
Axon Guidance ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Neuronal Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Organ Systems

Blood vessels and nerves are structured in architecturally similar organ systems and show functional relationships. Indeed, vascular and neuronal cells are guided in their journey throughout the body by the same attractive and repulsive factors that respectively activate and inhibit the function of integrin-adhesive receptors.

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