Elevation of the lysozyme level in macrophages of guinea pigs sensitized by streptococcal antigens following injection of specific antigen

1969 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 1022-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Toder
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Streptococcal Antigens

scholarly journals THE RESPONSE OF EOSINOPHILS IN THE GUINEA PIG TO SENSITIZATION, ANAPHYLAXIS AND VARIOUS DRUGS

Blood ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAX SAMTER
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Eosinophil Count ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Bone Marrow Blood ◽  
Antihistamine Drugs ◽  
Definite Correlation

Abstract 1. The eosinophilic response of the guinea pig sensitized and reinjected with the specific antigen varies with the nature of the antigen used, but also with the individual guinea pig in any groupsensitized and reinjected with the same antigen. 2. Certain antihistamine drugs which abolish anaphylactic symptoms, do not abolish the eosinophilic response. 3. The severity of anaphylactic "shock" symptoms has no influence on the eosinophilic response. 4. Histamine phosphate has no effect on the eosinophil count of nonsensitized guinea pigs protected by benadryl; it causes a distinct eosinophilic response in sensitized animals. 5. Heparin—in the dose injected—produced only an insignificant rise in the peripheral eosinophil count of sensitized guinea pigs; adenosine had no effect. 6. Attempts were made to correlate the eosinophilic response in bone marrow, blood and shock tissue of guinea pigs sensitized and reinjected with a specific antigen. The variation within a wide range of the number of eosinophils in the bone marrow of nonsensitized and of sensitized, reinjected guinea pigs is emphasized. A definite correlation seems to exist between the presence of a large number of eosinophils in blood and lungs; it is shown, however, that this observation permits only limited conclusions. 7. The factors which account for discrepancies in the interpretation of the eosinophilic response, e.g., nature of antigen, route of administration and characteristics of species, are analyzed. 8. The significance of the findings is reviewed in the light of previous work.

scholarly journals OCCURRENCE OF DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTHUS TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY

1958 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Salvin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Latent Period ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Lymph Node Cells ◽  
Type Inclusion ◽  
Antibody Determination ◽  
Circulating Antibody

Guinea pigs were injected in the footpads with either purified diphtheria toxoid or recrystallized egg albumin in Freund adjuvant without mycobacteria. Each guinea pig was then skin-tested only once with the specific antigen and bled for antibody determination. After injection of the sensitizing antigen, a latent period occurred during which neither sensitivity nor circulating antibody could be detected. A period of delayed sensitivity followed wherein circulating antibody could not be discerned and which could be transferred by lymph node cells. Ultimately, the Arthus type sensitivity developed, accompanied by circulating antibody. The duration and severity of reactions to homologous antigens during the last 2 phases varied with the antigen and with the dose. An increase in the sensitizing dose decreased the duration of the delayed type of allergy, a decrease in the dose prolonged the delayed type. Inclusion of mycobacterium in the sensitizing inoculum tended to introduce delayed sensitivity earlier and delay the onset of Arthus type sensitivity. When specific precipitate in antibody excess was included with the toxoid in the sensitizing dose, the onset of the Arthus phase was hastened. When lymph nodes from a large number of sensitized donors were removed during the latter part of the latent period, recipients of the cells showed a delayed type sensitivity.

scholarly journals MTSA-10, the Product of the Rv3874 Gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Elicits Tuberculosis-Specific, Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity in Guinea Pigs

2000 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 990-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Colangeli ◽  
John S. Spencer ◽  
Pablo Bifani ◽  
Alan Williams ◽  
Konstantin Lyashchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
New Skin

ABSTRACT In a search for new skin test reagents specific for tuberculosis, we found that the antigen encoded by gene Rv3874 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis elicited delayed-type hypersensitivity in M. tuberculosis-infected guinea pigs but not in control animals immunized with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or Mycobacterium avium. The antigen, which was named MTSA-10 (for M. tuberculosis-specific antigen 10), is a prime candidate for a component of a new tuberculin that will allow discrimination by a skin test of latent M. tuberculosis infection from vaccination with BCG or from sensitization with environmental, nontuberculous mycobacteria.

scholarly journals DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY

1958 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 905-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan W. Uhr ◽  
M. W. Brandriss
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Endotoxin Tolerance ◽  
Delayed Hypersensitivity ◽  
Febrile Response ◽  
Protein Antigens ◽  
Skin Reactivity ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Specific Challenge

Guinea pigs with delayed hypersensitivity to protein antigens show a specific febrile response accompanied by a lymphopenia following injection of a desensitizing dose of specific antigen. No signs of shock are observed in highly sensitive animals following this injection. The response is not prevented in sensitive guinea pigs by inducing endotoxin tolerance or by pretreating with cortisone before specific challenge. Using a suitable antigen in sufficiently sensitive animals as little as 100 µg. can elicit a pronounced febrile response. Injection of a desensitizing dose of antigen specifically abolishes systemic as well as skin reactivity for several days. Normal or hypersensitive (delayed-type) animals passively sensitized with sufficient amounts of serum antibody show hypothermia after specific challenge and may show a delayed type of fatal shock. Differences were noted between their systemic reactivities, however, and the reactivity seen in specifically challenged tuberculous animals.

scholarly journals Use of Mycobacterium tuberculosisComplex-Specific Antigen Cocktails for a Skin Test Specific for Tuberculosis

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 3606-3610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin Lyashchenko ◽  
Claudia Manca ◽  
Roberto Colangeli ◽  
Anna Heijbel ◽  
Alan Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria ◽  
Skin Testing ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Mycobacterial Species ◽  
Diagnostic Specificity ◽  
Single Antigen

ABSTRACT The tuberculin skin test currently used to diagnose infection withMycobacterium tuberculosis has poor diagnostic value, especially in geographic areas where the prevalence of tuberculosis is low or where the environmental burden of saprophytic, nontuberculous mycobacteria is high. Inaccuracy of the tuberculin skin test often reflects a low diagnostic specificity due to the presence in tuberculin of antigens shared by many mycobacterial species. Thus, a skin test specific for tuberculosis requires the development of new tuberculins consisting of antigens specific to M. tuberculosis. We have formulated cocktails of two to eight antigens of M. tuberculosis purified from recombinant Escherichia coli. Multiantigen cocktails were evaluated by skin testing guinea pigs sensitized with M. bovis BCG. Reactivity of multiantigen cocktails was greater than that of any single antigen. Cocktail activity increased with the number of antigens in the cocktail even when the same amount of total protein was used for cocktails and for each single antigen. A cocktail of four purified antigens specific for the M. tuberculosis complex elicited skin test responses only in BCG-immunized guinea pigs, not in control animals immunized with M. avium. These findings open the way to designing a multiantigen formulation for a skin test specific for tuberculosis.

5-HT3 receptors mediate inflammation-induced unmasking of functional tachykinin responses in vitro

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 2529-2534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Moore ◽  
Eun Joo Oh ◽  
Daniel Weinreich
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Antigen Challenge ◽  
Receptor Antagonists ◽  
Tachykinin Receptors ◽  
Nodose Ganglia ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Ganglion Neurons

Exogenously applied tachykinins produce no measurable electrophysiological responses in the somata of vagal afferent neurons [nodose ganglion neurons (NGNs)] isolated from naive guinea pigs. By contrast, after in vitro antigen challenge of nodose ganglia from guinea pigs immunized with chick ovalbumin, ∼60% (53 of 89) of NGNs were depolarized an average of 13 ± 1.2 mV by substance P (SP; 100 nM; n = 53). Receptor antagonists and enzyme inhibitors were utilized to screen a number of mast cell-derived mediators for their role in the uncovering or “unmasking” of functional tachykinin receptors after antigen challenge. Two chemically distinct 5-hydroxytryptamine-3-receptor antagonists significantly reduced the percentage of NGNs displaying depolarizing SP responses. Treatment with Y-25130 (1 or 10 μM) or tropisetron (1 μM) 15 min before and during antigen challenge reduced the percentage of SP-responsive neurons to ∼20 and ∼15%, respectively. These results suggest that activation of 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptors plays an integral role in the unmasking of functional tachykinin receptors after specific antigen challenge of nodose ganglia. The mediator(s) underlying tachykinin-receptor unmasking in the remainder of the NGNs has yet to be characterized. However, it does not appear to be histamine, prostanoids, or peptidoleukotrienes.

scholarly journals CARRIER FUNCTION IN ANTI-HAPTEN ANTIBODY RESPONSES

1971 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Katz ◽  
Joseph M. Davie ◽  
William E. Paul ◽  
Baruj Benacerraf
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Graft Versus Host Reaction ◽  
Antibody Synthesis ◽  
Graft Versus Host ◽  
Specific Tolerance ◽  
Tolerant State ◽  
Antibody Secreting Cells ◽  
Stimulation Of

Administration of nonimmunogenic 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) conjugates of copolymers of D or L-glutamic acid and lysine (GL) induces hapten-specific tolerance in nonimmune and DNP-ovalbumin-primed strain 13 guinea pigs. This tolerant state is evidenced by depressed anti-DNP antibody synthesis in response to challenge with DNP-ovalbumin and by a diminished frequency of DNP-specific antigen-binding cells and of anti-DNP antibody-secreting cells. Such a nonimmunogenic compound (DNP-D-GL) will nevertheless elicit a DNP-specific anamnestic antibody response when administered at an appropriate time to DNP-ovalbumin-primed guinea pigs undergoing a graft-versus-host reaction. These experiments are discussed in terms of a two-cell theory of stimulation of antibody responses.

scholarly journals OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELEASE OF SERUM FIBRINOLYSIN BY SPECIFIC ANTIGEN, PEPTONE, AND CERTAIN POLYSACCHARIDES

1949 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges Ungar ◽  
Shirley H. Mist
Keyword(s):  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Anaphylactoid Reactions ◽  
Pneumococcal Polysaccharides ◽  
Pig Serum

Formation of fibrinolysin from its inactive precursor in serum was observed under the following conditions: (a) by adding the specific antigen to serum from sensitized guinea pigs; (b) by mixing normal guinea pig serum with peptone, agar, hyaluronic acid, chondroitinsulfuric acid, glycogen, pneumococcal polysaccharides, and heparin. Activation of profibrinolysin by these agents differs from chloroform or streptokinase activation in that it requires the presence of some serum constituent non-precipitable with the euglobulin fraction and destroyed by heating at 56°C. The bearing of these observations on the mechanism of anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions is discussed. The findings reported support the concept that proteolysis is part of the process determining the release of histamine and other toxic products. It is suggested that the presence of fibrinokinase may be responsible for the toxicity of serum induced in vitro by a number of agents.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF DRUGS UPON A GRADED COUGH RESPONSE OBTAINED IN SENSITIZED GUINEA PIGS EXPOSED TO AEROSOL OF SPECIFIC ANTIGEN

1955 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. Winter ◽  
Lars Flataker
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Small Dose ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Dose Response Curve ◽  
Cough Response ◽  
Antitussive Drugs ◽  
Antihistaminic Drug

A technique is described for measuring objectively and quantitatively the reaction of sensitized guinea pigs when exposed to an aerosol of specific antigen. The principle involves registration by semi-automatic means of the number of coughs produced in animals passively sensitized with known amounts of antibody. The number of coughs is shown to be linearly related to log dose of antibody within a limited range and a dose-response curve is presented. The cough produced by this procedure is not inhibited by the antitussive drugs, codeine and propadrine, but can be inhibited by anti-allergic agents, such as cortisone and an antihistaminic drug. It is also inhibited by narcotine. The last is the only compound so far tested which suppresses both the cough produced by this procedure and that produced by a simple irritant. The action of cortisone and the antihistaminic drug, pyrilamine, is shown to be synergistic. A small dose of pyrilamine in animals pretreated with cortisone gives a degree of inhibition which cannot be obtained by increasing the dose of pyrilamine in animals not treated with cortisone.

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