Features of synthesis of high-alkalinity (overbased) sulfonate additives

1985 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 612-615
Author(s):  
L. V. Romanyutina ◽  
I. I. Mishunina ◽  
A. S. Zhurba ◽  
R. V. Fialkovskii
Keyword(s):  
Overbased Sulfonate ◽  
High Alkalinity

Lead aspartate: a new en bloc stain for electron microscopy

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
J.R. Walton
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Calcium Ion ◽  
Enzyme Reaction ◽  
Lead Citrate ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Lead Salts ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
High Alkalinity

In electron microscopy, lead is the metal most widely used for enhancing specimen contrast. Lead citrate requires a pH of 12 to stain thin sections of epoxy-embedded material rapidly and intensively. However, this high alkalinity tends to leach out enzyme reaction products, making lead citrate unsuitable for many cytochemical studies. Substitution of the chelator aspartate for citrate allows staining to be carried out at pH 6 or 7 without apparent effect on cytochemical products. Moreover, due to the low, controlled level of free lead ions, contamination-free staining can be carried out en bloc, prior to dehydration and embedding. En bloc use of lead aspartate permits the grid-staining step to be bypassed, allowing samples to be examined immediately after thin-sectioning.Procedures. To prevent precipitation of lead salts, double- or glass-distilled H20 used in the stain and rinses should be boiled to drive off carbon dioxide and glassware should be carefully rinsed to remove any persisting traces of calcium ion.

The distribution of minerals in hyper-agpaitic rocks in terms of symmetry: evolution of views on the number and symmetry of minerals

2001 ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander P. Khomyakov
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structures ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Mineral Species ◽  
Original Series ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
The Earth ◽  
High Alkalinity ◽  
Low Symmetry

NOTE: This article was published in a former series of GEUS Bulletin. Please use the original series name when citing this article, for example: Khomyakov, A. P. (2001). The distribution of minerals in hyper-agpaitic rocks in terms of symmetry: evolution of views on the number and symmetry of minerals. Geology of Greenland Survey Bulletin, 190, 73-82. https://doi.org/10.34194/ggub.v190.5176 _______________ Among the unique mineral localities of the Earth the complexes of nepheline syenites with hyper-agpaitic differentiates are of special interest due to their extreme diversity of mineral species. The four best studied complexes of this type – Khibina, Lovozero, Ilímaussaq and Mont Saint-Hilaire – have yielded more than 700 mineral species of which about 200 are new. The great mineral diversity is due to the combination of several factors, the most important of which is the extremely high alkalinity of agpaitic magmas, causing about half of the elements of the periodic table to be concentrated together. Minerals from hyper-agpaitic rocks are characterised by the predominance of highly ordered, low-symmetry crystal structures resulting, in particular, from the markedly extended temperature range of crystallisation. Generalisation of available data for unique mineral localities underpins the hypothesis that there is no natural limit to the number of mineral species. It is predicted that by the middle of the 21st century, the overall number of minerals recorded in nature will exceed 10 000, with the proportion of triclinic species increasing from the present 9% to 14.5%, and that of cubic species decreasing from 10% to 5%.

scholarly journals Influence of Sodium Sulfate Addition on Iron Grain Growth during Carbothermic Roasting of Red Mud Samples with Different Basicity

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1571
Author(s):  
Pavel Grudinsky ◽  
Dmitry Zinoveev ◽  
Denis Pankratov ◽  
Artem Semenov ◽  
Maria Panova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Separation ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Red Mud ◽  
Sodium Sulfate ◽  
Phase Distribution ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Alumina Production ◽  
Metallic Particles ◽  
Iron Phase ◽  
High Alkalinity

Red mud is an iron-containing waste of alumina production with high alkalinity. A promising approach for its recycling is solid-phase carbothermic roasting in the presence of special additives followed by magnetic separation. The crucial factor of the separation of the obtained iron metallic particles from gangue is sufficiently large iron grains. This study focuses on the influence of Na2SO4 addition on iron grain growth during carbothermic roasting of two red mud samples with different (CaO + MgO)/(SiO2 + Al2O3) ratio of 0.46 and 1.21, respectively. Iron phase distribution in the red mud and roasted samples were investigated in detail by Mössbauer spectroscopy method. Based on thermodynamic calculations and results of multifactorial experiments, the optimal conditions for the roasting of the red mud samples with (CaO + MgO)/(SiO2 + Al2O3) ratio of 0.46 and 1.21 were duration of 180 min with the addition of 13.65% Na2SO4 at 1150 °C and 1350 °C followed by magnetic separation that led to 97% and 83.91% of iron recovery, as well as 51.6% and 83.7% of iron grade, respectively. The mechanism of sodium sulfate effect on iron grain growth was proposed. The results pointed out that Na2SO4 addition is unfavorable for the red mud carbothermic roasting compared with other alkaline sulfur-free additives.

Vapor-assisted self-conversion of basic carbonates in metal–organic frameworks

Nanoscale ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 5069-5076
Author(s):  
Miaomiao Jia ◽  
Jingyi Su ◽  
Pengcheng Su ◽  
Wanbin Li
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Metal Organic Frameworks ◽  
Solvent Vapor ◽  
Metal Centers ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
High Alkalinity

Basic carbonates with high alkalinity are incorporated into metal–organic frameworks by solvent vapor-assisted self-conversion of partial metal centers to improve carbon capture performance.

The breeding success of common loons (Gavia immer) in relation to alkalinity and other lake characteristics in Ontario

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 746-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Alvo ◽  
David J. T. Hussell ◽  
Michael Berrill
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Success ◽  
Benthic Algae ◽  
Gavia Immer ◽  
Acidic Lake ◽  
Acidic Lakes ◽  
Common Loons ◽  
Breeding Attempt ◽  
High Alkalinity ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
High Level

We examined the breeding success of common loons (Gavia immer) and made observations of loons feeding their young on small lakes (5.3–75 ha) with different alkalinities (−73 to 1804 μequiv./L) near Sudbury, Ontario. Alkalinity, pH, and conductivity were highly correlated with each other. There was a significant positive relationship between successful breeding and alkalinity on 68 lakes surveyed in 1982. Discriminant analysis showed that alkalinity, area, and colour of the lake contributed significantly to discrimination among lakes with successful, unsuccessful, and no breeding attempts. Lack of a breeding attempt tended to be associated with small, brown, low-alkalinity lakes, and successful breeding with large, clear, high-alkalinity lakes. For lakes with breeding attempts in 1982–1984, alkalinity (all years), depth (1983), and area (1984) provided significant discrimination between unsuccessful lakes and those on which young were raised. Unsuccessful breeding resulted primarily from brood mortalities on acidic lakes. Adult loons were more successful at securing fish on high-alkalinity lakes than on low-alkalinity lakes, and this may reflect differences in fish densities. A pair of loons attempting to raise a chick on a fishless, acidic lake fed the chick benthic algae and possibly benthic invertebrates, but flew to other lakes to feed themselves. We suggest that the high level of brood mortalities on acidic lakes resulted from a shortage of suitable food for the young.

What Are the Multi-Omics Mechanisms for Adaptation by Microorganisms to High Alkalinity? A Transcriptomic and Proteomic Study of aBacillusStrain with Industrial Potential

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 717-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatma Ece Altinisik Kaya ◽  
Fatma Gizem Avci ◽  
Nihat Alpagu Sayar ◽  
Dilek Kazan ◽  
Ahmet Alp Sayar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proteomic Study ◽  
High Alkalinity

scholarly journals Durability of pulverised fuel ash (PFA) concrete exposed to acidic and alkali conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 258 ◽  
pp. 05015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saiful Baharin Duraman ◽  
Md. Fadhil Hakim Haji Omar
Keyword(s):  
Concrete Structures ◽  
Pozzolanic Reaction ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Alkali Silica Reaction ◽  
Acid Attack ◽  
Fuel Ash ◽  
Alkaline Environments ◽  
High Alkalinity ◽  
Acidic Conditions ◽  
Strength And Durability

Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA) is becoming an important component in concrete due to potentially improved properties such as workability, later age strength and durability. Concrete structures may be susceptible to acid attack due to exposure to acid rain, acidic soil or polluted water. Concrete structures exposed to high alkaline environments, in addition to the alkalinity level of the cement and aggregates, may promote alkali-silica reaction (ASR) leading to swelling and reduction in durability. This study looks into the durability properties of PFA incorporated concrete at various replacement levels when exposed to highly acidic and alkali conditions. Compressive strengths and water absorption tests were compared between concrete cured under normal conditions with concrete exposed to highly acidic and highly alkali conditions. All specimens exposed to acidic conditions showed significant decreases in mass and compressive strengths compared to specimens cured normally. Higher PFA replacement resulted in improved resistance to acid attack. All specimens exposed to alkali conditions showed minor increases in mass suggesting ASR occurring. Reductions in compressive strengths were found at lower replacement levels. At higher replacement levels, increases in compressive strengths were found, suggesting the possibility of increased pozzolanic reaction of the PFA due to the high alkalinity.

scholarly journals Peran Kontaminasi Kerak pada Diferensiasi Magma Pembentuk Batuan Vulkanik Sungai Ampalas, Mamuju, Sulawesi Barat

EKSPLORIUM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Windi Anarta Draniswari ◽  
Sekar Indah Tri Kusuma ◽  
Tyto Baskara Adimedha ◽  
I Gde Sukadana
Keyword(s):  
Magma Mixing ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Geochemical Characteristics ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Radioactive Mineral ◽  
Alkaline Feldspar ◽  
High Alkalinity ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Xrf Analyses

ABSTRAK Anomali radiometri telah ditemukan di area Sungai Amplas pada bongkah batuan vulkanik. Nilai yang terukur dari spektrometer gama adalah 787 ppm eU dan 223 ppm eTh. Penemuan ini menarik untuk pengembangan eksplorasi. Studi lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengetahui karekteristik batuan pembawa mineral radioaktif dari sampel in-situ. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik petrologi dan geokimia batuan vulkanik Ampalas sebagai studi awal untuk mengetahui proses akumulasi mineral radioaktif pada batuan vulkanik Ampalas. Metodologi yang digunakan meliputi pengamatan lapangan, pengambilan sampel batuan, analisis petrografi dan X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). Batuan vulkanik ampalas tersusun atas ponolit, foidit, dan foid-syenit. Tekstur batuannya terdiri dari porfiritik, aliran, rim piroksen, zoning, pseudo-leusit, korosi, inklusi mafik, dan sieve. Karakteristik geokimia menunjukkan alkalinitas tinggi dan indikasi pengayaan mineral radioaktif yang tersebar dalam batuan. Proses magmatis yang berperan dalam pembentukan batuan vulkanik adalah fraksionasi kristal (fraksionasi leusit dan alkali felspar), asimilasi kerak kontinen, dan pencampuran magma. Interaksi antara magma dan kerak menyebabkan diferensiasi magma berkelanjutan yang menghasilkan akumulasi uranium dan torium lebih tinggi.ABSTRACT Anomalous radiometry has been found in Ampalas River Area on volcanic rock boulder. The values measured from gamma spectrometer are 787 ppm eU and 223 ppm eTh. This discovery is promising for exploration development. Further study need to figure the radioactive mineral bearing rock characteristic from in-situ samples. The research aim is to determine the petrology and geochemical characteristics of Ampalas volcanic rocks as preliminary study to find radioactive mineral accumulation process of Ampalas volcanic rocks. The methodologies are field observation, rock sampling, petrography, and X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses. The Ampalas volcanic rocks consist of phonolite, phoidite, and phoid syenite. Their textures are porphyritic, flow, pyroxene rim, zoning, pseudo-leucite, corrosion, mafic inclusions, and sieve. The geochemical characteristics show high alkalinity and radioactive mineral enrichment disseminating on rock. The magmatic processes which play a significant role in radioactive mineral-bearing rocks formation are crystal fractionations (leucite and alkaline feldspar fractionations), continental crust assimilation, and magma mixing. Long interaction between magma and crust creates advanced magma differentiation causing higher uranium and thorium accumulation.  

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