Electrical stimulation of arterial and central chemosensory afferents at different times in the respiratory cycle of the cat: II. Responses of respiratory muscles and their motor nerves

1985 ◽  
Vol 403 (4) ◽  
pp. 422-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Marek ◽  
N. R. Prabhakar
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Respiratory Cycle ◽  
Motor Nerves ◽  
Stimulation Of

The initiation of diving apnoea in the frog, Rana pipiens

1976 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-38
Author(s):  
N. H. West ◽  
D. R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Rana Pipiens ◽  
Buccal Cavity ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Normal Pattern ◽  
Water Head ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Water Meniscus ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Diving apnoea in Rana pipiens was initiated by submerging the external nares. As the water level was raised above the frog, both buccal and lung pressure increased by an amount corresponding to the water head. During submergence the external nares remained closed, although the apnoeic period was punctuated by ventilation movements which moved gas between the lungs and buccal cavity. 2. Bilateral section of the ophthalmic nerves did not alter the normal pattern of ventilation in air, although it often resulted in the intake of water into the buccal cavity on submergence. Introduction of water into the buccal cavity, either naturally as in denervates or by injection through a catheter in intact frogs, triggered sustained electromyographical activity in some respiratory muscles. 3. Electroneurograms recorded from the cut peripheral end of an ophthalmic nerve showed that receptors in the external narial region were stimulated by movement of a water meniscus across them. Activity could also be recorded in the ophthalmic nerve in response to water flow past the submerged nares. Punctate stimulation of the narial region confirmed that these receptors were mechanosensitive. 4. Bilateral electrical stimulation of the central ends of cut ophthalmic nerves in lightly anaesthetized frogs caused apnoea with a latency of less than 200 ms. The external nares remained closed throughout the period of stimulation although buccal pressure events, resembling underwater ventilation movements, occurred when stimulation was prolonged.

Fictive cough in the cat

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 2325-2331 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Bolser
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Large Amplitude ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Afferent Feedback ◽  
Respiratory Cycle ◽  
Decerebrate Cats ◽  
Stimulation Of

Experiments were performed to determine whether cough could be elicited in paralyzed cats ventilated on a respiratory cycle-triggered pump. Midcollicular decerebrate cats were paralyzed and artificially ventilated on a phrenic-triggered pump. Phrenic and cranial iliohypogastric nerve efferent activities were recorded. Cough was elicited by electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) or probing the intrathoracic trachea. Fictive coughs induced by electrical stimulation of the SLN or mechanical stimulation of the intrathoracic trachea consisted of large-amplitude bursts in phrenic discharge immediately followed by large bursts in cranial iliohypogastric discharge. During fictive cough, phrenic postinspiratory discharge was reduced relative to control cycles. Codeine (0.03–1 mg/kg iv) decreased both SLN- and probe-induced fictive cough. I conclude that fictive cough can be produced in paralyzed cats ventilated on a phrenic-triggered pump. Furthermore, fictive cough can be produced in the absence of afferent feedback associated with active expiration.

Time-dependent responses of expiration reflex in cats

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 430-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Nishino ◽  
Y. Honda
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Vocal Folds ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Respiratory Cycle ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Spontaneously Breathing ◽  
Stimulation Of

We investigated the effectiveness of the “expiration reflex” in 10 anesthetized spontaneously breathing cats. The expiration reflex was produced by mechanical stimulation of the vocal folds and electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve at different moments in the respiratory cycle and at various levels of respiratory chemical drive. The effectiveness of the expiration reflex was evaluated from sudden changes in expiratory flow immediately following the stimulation. Both mechanical and electrical stimulations given during early inspiration caused little or no expiratory efforts, whereas stimulations given during early expiration or hypocapnic apnea produced a typical expiration reflex. Changes in arterial CO2 and O2 partial pressures influenced neither the relationships between the stimulation and its effect on the expiration reflex nor the strength of the expiration reflex. These results indicate that the timing of stimulation with relation to the phase of the respiratory cycle is critical to its effect on the expiration reflex and that changes in respiratory chemical drive do not modify the expiration reflex characteristics.

scholarly journals KATP channels and NO dilate redundantly intramuscular arterioles during electrical stimulation of the skeletal muscle in mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Schemke ◽  
Cor de Wit
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Neuromuscular Synapse ◽  
Katp Channels ◽  
Neuromuscular Synapses ◽  
Maximal Diameter ◽  
Motor Nerves ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractFunctional hyperemia is fundamental to provide enhanced oxygen delivery during exercise in skeletal muscle. Different mechanisms are suggested to contribute, mediators from skeletal muscle, transmitter spillover from the neuromuscular synapse as well as endothelium-related dilators. We hypothesized that redundant mechanisms that invoke adenosine, endothelial autacoids, and KATP channels mediate the dilation of intramuscular arterioles in mice. Arterioles (maximal diameter: 20–42 µm, n = 65) were studied in the cremaster by intravital microscopy during electrical stimulation of the motor nerve to induce twitch or tetanic skeletal muscle contractions (10 or 100 Hz). Stimulation for 1–60 s dilated arterioles rapidly up to 65% of dilator capacity. Blockade of nicotinergic receptors blocked muscle contraction and arteriolar dilation. Exclusive blockade of adenosine receptors (1,3-dipropyl-8-(p-sulfophenyl)xanthine) or of NO and prostaglandins (nitro-L-arginine and indomethacin, LN + Indo) exerted only a minor attenuation. Combination of these blockers, however, reduced the dilation by roughly one-third during longer stimulation periods (> 1 s at 100 Hz). Blockade of KATP channels (glibenclamide) which strongly reduced adenosine-induced dilation reduced responses upon electrical stimulation only moderately. The attenuation was strongly enhanced if glibenclamide was combined with LN + Indo and even observed during brief stimulation. LN was more efficient than indomethacin to abrogate dilations if combined with glibenclamide. Arteriolar dilations induced by electrical stimulation of motor nerves require muscular contractions and are not elicited by acetylcholine spillover from neuromuscular synapses. The dilations are mediated by redundant mechanisms, mainly activation of KATP channels and release of NO. The contribution of K+ channels and hyperpolarization sets the stage for ascending dilations that are crucial for a coordinated response in the network.

scholarly journals The respiratory system biomechanical homeostasis and its maintenance mechanisms in normal conditions and at obstructive pulmonary diseases

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-38
Author(s):  
A. I. Karzilov
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Pulmonary Diseases ◽  
Elastic Recoil ◽  
Inspiratory Capacity ◽  
Surfactant Complex ◽  
Biomechanical Parameters ◽  
Healthy Persons ◽  
Stimulation Of

Parameters of breathing biomechanics in healthy persons (n = 20), patients with bronchial asthma (n = 30) and chronic obstruc-tive pulmonary disease (n = 30) are analyzed during electrical stimulation of the diaphragm. Methodology of homeostatic parame-ters searching and their classification is offered. Descriptive and comparative analyses are performed. Homeostatic parameters of biomechanics describing the condition of elastic and non -elastic properties of respiratory system, of respiratory muscles, of general pulmonary hysteresis, breathing regulation are differentiated. Basic homeostatic parameter is the ratio of inspiratory capacity to the lungs elastic recoil. The model of lungs with the biomechanical buffer and retractive-elastic- surfactant complex of lungs is offered. Biomechanical homeostasis idea of respiratory system as ability of an organism to support in dynamics balance normal and patho-logical conditions essentially important for preservation of respiratory system biomechanical parameters in admissible limits is for-mulated.

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