Host-size-dependent sex ratios among parasitoid wasps: does host growth matter?

Oecologia ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 420-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. King
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Host Size ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Host Growth

STUDIES OF LATHROMEROIDEA SP.NOV. (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE), A PARASITOID OF GERRID EGGS

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidia Priscila Henriquez ◽  
John R. Spence
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Egg Parasitoid ◽  
Host Size

AbstractUse of gerrids (Hemiptera: Gerridae) as primary hosts by the solitary egg parasitoid Lathromeroidea sp.nov. is established and parasitoid reproductive behaviour is described. Four species of Limnoporus (L. dissortis Drake and Harris, L. notabilis Drake and Hottes, L. rufoscutellatus Latreille, and L. esakii Miyamoto) and two of Gerris (G. buenoi Kirkaldy and G. pingreensis Drake and Hottes) were successfully parasitized in the laboratory. A greater proportion of wasps eclosed successfully from eggs of Gerris than from Limnoporus. Host size was directly proportional to both weight and body length of adult parasitoids. Sex ratios were female-biased, with males emerging before females.

Offspring Sex Ratios in Parasitoid Wasps

1987 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethia Hurlbutt King
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Offspring Sex

Hemiparasite – host plant interactions and the impact of herbivory: a field experiment

Botany ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 537-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mickayla D. Van Hoveln ◽  
Bethany A. Evans ◽  
Victoria A. Borowicz
Keyword(s):  
Host Size ◽  
Schizachyrium Scoparium ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Compensatory Response ◽  
Host Growth ◽  
Subsequent Flowering ◽  
Shoot Mass ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Early Late ◽  
Pedicularis Canadensis

Schizachyrium scoparium Michx. (Nash) growing naturally with varying numbers of the perennial hemiparasite Pedicularis canadensis L. were randomly assigned to one of four clipping treatments (none, early, late, early and late) to determine how parasitism and herbivory affect the grass and whether herbivory of the host indirectly affects hemiparasite growth. Any clipping eliminated subsequent flowering by S. scoparium in year 1 and reduced the number of plants that flowered in year 2, when no clipping occurred. Only hosts clipped early exhibited depressed growth after one summer. The following year plants that had been clipped twice the previous year produced the least shoot mass, and plants that were never clipped produced the most. Hemiparasite load was negatively associated with host shoot mass, especially in year 1, but did not alter the host’s compensatory response to clipping. The effects of host size and host clipping on the nearest hemiparasite were determined in year 1. Pedicularis canadensis shoot mass declined with host size if the host was clipped late, but increased with host size when clipping occurred once early in the season. Although the impact of hemiparasites and clipping on host growth are independent, clipping can alter the value of the host for parasites.

FIELD EVIDENCE OF HOST SIZE-DEPENDENT PARASITISM IN TWO MANIPULATIVE PARASITES

2007 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 750-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannick Outreman ◽  
Frank Cézilly ◽  
Loïc Bollache
Keyword(s):  
Host Size ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Field Evidence

Host size-dependent sex allocation behaviour in a parasitoid: implications forCatolaccus grandis(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) mass rearing programmes

1998 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.M. Heinz
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sex Allocation ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Boll Weevil ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Host Size ◽  
Offspring Sex Ratio ◽  
Offspring Sex ◽  
Control Programmes

AbstractAn often encountered problem associated with augmentative and inundative biological control programmes is the high cost of producing sufficient numbers of natural enemies necessary to suppress pest populations within the time constraints imposed by ephemeral agroecosystems. In many arrhenotokous parasitoids, overproduction of males in mass-rearing cultures inflates costs (per female) and thus limits the economic feasibility of these biological control programmes. Within the context of existing production technologies, experiments were conducted to determine if the sex ratio ofCatolaccus grandis(Burks), an ectoparasitoid of the boll weevilAnthonomous grandisBoheman, varied as a function of boll weevil larval size. Results from natural and manipulative experiments demonstrate the following behavioural characteristics associated with C.grandissex allocation behaviour: (i) femaleC. grandisoffspring are produced on large size hosts and male offspring are produced on small hosts; (ii) whether a host is considered large or small depends upon the overall distribution of host sizes encountered by a female parasitoid; and (iii) female parasitoids exhibit a greater rate of increase in body size with host size than do male parasitoids. The observed patterns cannot be explained by sex-specific mortality of immature parasitoids developing on the different host size categories. In subsequent experiments, laboratory cultures ofC. grandisexposed daily to successively larger sizes ofA. grandislarvae produced successively greater female biased offspring sex ratios, cultures exposed daily to successively smaller sizes of host larvae produced successively greater male biased offspring sex ratios, and cultures exposed daily to equivalent host size distributions over time maintained a uniform offspring sex ratio. By increasing the average size ofA. grandislarval hosts exposed toC. grandisby 2.5 mg per day in mass rearing cultures, the percentage of male progeny can be reduced from 33% to 23% over a period of four consecutive exposure days.

Abundance/host size relationship in a fish trematode community

1992 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Saad-Fares ◽  
C. Combes
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Host Size ◽  
Trematode Species ◽  
High Threshold ◽  
East Mediterranean ◽  
Host Growth ◽  
Single Host

ABSTRACTThe abundance of six species of trematodes: Aphanurus stossichi, Bacciger israelensis, Diphterostomum israelense, Plagioporus idoneus, Lepocreadium album and L. pegorchis, parasitic in the digestive tract of marine teleostei (Sparidae) collected near Jounieh (east Mediterranean), was analysed as a function of the host-size. In two parasite/host systems, infections were observed from the lowest size classes of the sample, with a clear tendency to an increase of abundance in older fish. In four others, parasites appear only above a rather high threshold class, young individuals never being infected. In the last three parasite/host systems, host invasion may occur early or late, but infection decreases above a well defined size class, old fishes rarely or never being infected. A given trematode species. when parasitizing several host species, shows similar abundance/host size relationships, e.g. P. idoneus in Diplodus vulgaris and Oblada melanura. When more than one species of trematode infects a single host species, curves can be markedly distinct; for instance, L. pegorchis was collected from Pagellus erythrinus below 15 cm. whereas D. israelense parasitized the same fish approximately above the same size. There is no evidence that such a replacement of one trematode by another in the course of host growth is a result of interspecific competition.

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