Studies on the nitrogen and water relations of wheat II. Effects of varying nitrogen and water supply on growth and grain yield

1984 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. V. M. Parameswaran ◽  
R. D. Graham ◽  
D. Aspinall
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Relations

The effect of boron tolerance, deep ripping with gypsum, and water supply on subsoil water extraction of cereals on an alkaline soil

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Nuttall ◽  
R. D. Armstrong ◽  
D. J. Connor
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Multiple Constraints ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Subsoil Water ◽  
High Boron ◽  
Sodium Tolerance

Crop adaptation to edaphic constraints has focussed largely on increasing boron (B) tolerance in cereals, targeted to alkaline soils with high boron content. However, recent studies have implicated several other physicochemical constraints, such as salinity and sodicity, in reduced grain yields of cereals by restricting water extraction in the subsoil. Consequently, the value of B-tolerance may be limited on soils where multiple constraints exist. To test the contribution of B-tolerance where multiple constraints exist, near-isogenic lines of wheat and barley differing in B-tolerance were used, where growth and water extraction by crops in large intact cores, extracted from a Calcarosol profile, were measured. The effect of subsoil disturbance (deep ripping) and growing-season water supply was also investigated. Use of B-tolerant crops did not increase use of subsoil water or grain yield. Wheat and barley extracted soil water down to 0.6 m depth but not below 0.8 m. The soil B concentration of these 2 layers was equivalent (29 ν. 31 mg/kg), whereas salinity [(ECe) 7.2 ν. 8.1 dS/m] and sodicity [(ESP) 22 ν. 29%] both increased significantly with depth, implying that these 2 latter properties had a greater effect than B. Deep ripping with gypsum had no effect on grain yield. Wheat and barley grown under high water supply outyielded their counterparts grown under low water supply, although grain yield per unit of applied water for the crops under low water was 1.5 times that of the crops under high water regime. The results suggest that high salinity and sodicity, rather than B, were exerting the major effects on water extraction of wheat and barley from the deep subsoil, thus negating the effect of crop B-tolerance where multiple constraints exist. This highlights the need to breed cultivars with increased sodium tolerance, pyramided with current B-tolerance, for those crops targeted to many alkaline soils.

Water relations of germination in the recalcitrant seeds of Quercus robur L.

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Finch-Savage ◽  
H. A. Clay
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Quercus Robur ◽  
High Moisture Content ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Mature Fruit ◽  
Tissue Pressure ◽  
Radicle Growth ◽  
Physical Barriers ◽  
External Water

AbstractQuercus robur L. fruits are desiccation sensitive and shed from the plant at high moisture content (c. 48%). Water relations measurements were taken at intervals during the germination of prematurely-harvested immature fruits and naturally-shed mature fruits. In fruits from both harvests the pericarp and seed coat delayed germination by providing physical barriers to emergence of the radicle and by restricting the rate of imbibition. Although immature fruits could germinate in the absence of water they germinated more rapidly in the presence of an external water supply. The fully-mature fruit required a supply of external water, but germination was more rapid than in immature fruits. Substantial physiological changes, resulting in the accumulation of solutes, and increased axis size and extensibility occurred before splitting of the pericarp and subsequent germination of immature fruits. Such changes did not occur in fully-mature fruits, but fruits, from both harvests imbibed water and splitting of the pericarp appeared to result from increased embryo size and tissue pressure. Splitting was minimal prior to germination in immature fruits without an external water supply. It is suggested that the resulting reduction in Ψp when the pericarp splits was greater in the axis than in the cotyledons because of its greater capacity for expansion. This would create a Ψw gradient driving water flow to the axis from the cotyledons allowing continued radicle growth for germination.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Nutrition of European Beech Is Maintained at Sufficient Water Supply in Mixed Beech-Fir Stands

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth-Kristina Magh ◽  
Fengli Yang ◽  
Stephanie Rehschuh ◽  
Martin Burger ◽  
Michael Dannenmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Uptake Capacity ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Nutrition

Research highlights: Interaction effects of coniferous on deciduous species have been investigated before the background of climate change. Background and objectives: The cultivation of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in mixed stands has currently received attention, since the future performance of beech in mid-European forest monocultures in a changing climate is under debate. We investigated water relations and nitrogen (N) nutrition of beech in monocultures and mixed with silver-fir (Abies alba Mill.) in the Black Forest at different environmental conditions, and in the Croatian Velebit at the southern distribution limit of beech, over a seasonal course at sufficient water availability. Material and methods: Water relations were analyzed via δ13C signatures, as integrative measures of water supply assuming that photosynthesis processes were not impaired. N nutrition was characterized by N partitioning between soluble N fractions and structural N. Results: In the relatively wet year 2016, water relations of beech leaves, fir needles and roots differed by season, but generally not between beech monocultures and mixed cultivation. At all sites, previous and current year fir needles revealed significantly lower total N contents over the entire season than beech leaves. Fir fine roots exhibited higher or similar amounts of total N compared to needles. Correlation analysis revealed a strong relationship of leaf and root δ13C signatures with soil parameters at the mixed beech stands, but not at pure beech stands. While glutamine (Gln) uptake capacity of beech roots was strongly related to soil N in the monoculture beech stands, arginine (Arg) uptake capacities of beech roots were strongly related to soil N in mixed stands. Conclusions: Leaf N contents indicated a facilitative effect of silver-fir on beech on sites where soil total N concentrations where low, but an indication of competition effect where it was high. This improvement could be partially attributed to protein contents, but not to differences in uptake capacity of an individual N source. From these results it is concluded that despite similar performance of beech trees at the three field sites investigated, the association with silver-fir mediated interactive effects between species association, climate and soil parameters even at sufficient water supply.

The Water Relations of Barley Grown Continually or After Fallow Under Semi-Arid Conditions

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. I. Orphanos ◽  
C. Metochis
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Arid Conditions ◽  
Semi Arid

SUMMARYGrain barley was grown either continually or in rotation with fallow in a 12-year experiment. Annual rainfall ranged from 120 to 297 mm. As the water requirement of the crop is 240 mm, growth in most seasons occurred under water stress. The amount of water conserved under fallow was only significant (75–100 mm) in three of the 12 years and only once did the water conserved increase barley yield in the following year. The total grain yield over the experimental period was twice as high in the barley–barley sequence as in the barley–fallow sequence.Cultiuo continuo de cebada o después de barbecho

Response of nodulated alfalfa to water supply, temperature and elevated CO2: productivity and water relations

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 130-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iker Aranjuelo ◽  
Juan J. Irigoyen ◽  
Pilar Perez ◽  
Rafael Martinez-Carrasco ◽  
Manuel Sanchez-Diaz
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Water Relations

Water relations and yield inAzospirillum-inoculated wheat exposed to drought in the field

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia M Creus ◽  
Rolando J Sueldo ◽  
Carlos A Barassi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Relative Water Content ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Water Fraction ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
And Control

There are scarce data connecting water relations in Azospirillum-inoculated wheat suffering drought during anthesis with the yield and mineral content of grains. Azospirillum brasilense Sp245-inoculated seeds of Triticum aestivum 'Pro INTA Oasis' were sown in nonirrigated and control plots. Water potential, water content, and relative water content were determined on flag leaves. Plant water status was calculated from pressure–volume curves. At maturity, grain yield and its components were determined. P, Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Cu, and Zn were determined in dried grains. Even though the cultivar underwent osmotic adjustment, significantly higher water content, relative water content, water potential, apoplastic water fraction, and lower cell wall modulus of elasticity values were obtained in Azospirillum-inoculated plants suffering drought. Grain yield loss to drought was 26.5% and 14.1% in noninoculated and Azospirillum-inoculated plants, respectively. Grain Mg and K diminished in nonirrigated, noninoculated plots. However, grains harvested from Azospirillum-inoculated plants had significantly higher Mg, K, and Ca than noninoculated plants. Neither drought nor inoculation changed grain P, Cu, Fe, and Zn contents. A better water status and an additional "elastic adjustment" in Azospirillum-inoculated wheat plants could be crucial in promoting higher grain yield and mineral quality at harvest, particularly when drought strikes during anthesis.Key words: Azospirillum, wheat, drought, pressure–volume curves, yield, mineral content.

Response of early maturing maize landraces and improved varieties to moisture deficit and sufficient water supply

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (03) ◽  
pp. 205-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abebe Menkir ◽  
Baffour Badu-Apraku ◽  
Sam Ajala ◽  
Alpha Kamara ◽  
Abdou Ndiaye
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Improved Varieties ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Moisture Deficit ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Early Maturing

In drought-affected maize production zones with short growing periods, the development and use of early maturing drought-tolerant cultivars can stabilize maize production. We evaluated 10 improved and 25 farmers' early maturing maize varieties under moisture deficit and well-watered conditions for 2 years to identify suitable genetic materials for breeding drought-tolerant cultivars. The varieties exhibited significant differences in grain yield and other traits under both moisture deficit and well-watered conditions. Changes in the rank order of the varieties for grain yield was not significant across the different levels of moisture supply in this study. Grain yield was significantly correlated with days to anthesis, days to silking, plant height, ear height, ear number and anthesis–silking interval (ASI) under the two irrigation treatments and with leaf death scores under moisture deficit, suggesting that the common traits were beneficial in maximizing grain yield under both sufficient water supply and moisture deficit. Grain yield and the traits significantly correlated with it differentiated the early maturing maize varieties into two distinct groups under well-watered condition and moisture deficit. The improved varieties were superior to the farmers' varieties in grain yield and other traits under moisture deficit, possibly due to selection of their progenitors for improved performance in multiple locations. We found some farmers' and improved varieties with similar yield potential and flowering time under well-watered conditions but with marked differences in grain yield and other traits under moisture deficit. Use of such promising landraces that would also be invaluable sources of desirable farmers-preferred end-use quality traits in combination with promising improved varieties as breeding materials could enhance the genetic grain from selection for drought tolerance in early maize.

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