Diffusion and intermolecular reaction rates of end-labeled polystyrenes in polymer networks studied with triplet probe

1981 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Itaru Mita ◽  
Kazuyuki Horie ◽  
Masako Masuda
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Networks ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Intermolecular Reaction

Isocyanate Reactions with Difunctional Polyisobutylenes

1970 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 1154-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Zapp ◽  
G. E. Serniuk ◽  
L. S. Minckler
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Polymer Networks ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Toluene Diisocyanate ◽  
Aromatic Diamines ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
Chlorine Substitution

Abstract The reactions of isocyanates with carboxy terminated polyisobutylenes, CTPIB, and with hydroxy terminated polyisobutylenes, HTPIB, have been studied in detail. In the case of HTPIB specific emphasis has been given to an hydroxy-ester functionality prepared by the base catalyzed reaction of CTPIB with propylene oxide. Isocyanate reactions with polymeric carboxyl groups were studied to observe if conditions could be established to remove quickly the undesirable carbon dioxide by-product. A potential advantage of this reaction would be the formation of a more stable amide link compared with that of a urethane linkage. In capping reactions with CTPIB and diisocyanates (where NCO group concentrations are in excess), the course of the reaction essentially follows second order kinetics with respect to carboxyl utilization. Bulk reactions, run under vacuum, facilitated the removal of CO2 and markedly increased the rate of reaction. Even so, the reaction required relatively high concentrations of tertiary amine catalysts suggesting a dual role for the base. Aromatic diisocyanates with chlorine substitution were several fold more reactive with CTPIB than was toluene diisocyanate, and gave indications of a better selectivity. Sulfonyl isocyanates possess still greater reactivity. The selectivity of the isocyanate reaction with polymeric COOH is poor when using common diisocyanates such as TDI. The predominant extension of prepolymers is far less probably than in the case of hydroxyl based systems. However, tough, dense, and flexible networks can be formed from initial products of 2000 number average molecular weight. The reactivity of the secondary hydroxyl ester terminal functionality of polyisobutylene, 2° HTPIB, with diisocyanates was comparable to that of commercial polyether or polyester diols which are largely primary hydroxyl. This comparable activity is explained by the fact that in bulk reactions the hydrocarbon backbone of 2° HTPIB provides a reaction medium with a lower dielectric constant and thus a more advantageous environment. In capping reactions followed by IR monitoring of OH consumption, reaction rates also followed second order kinetics with respect to OH consumption when the NCO concentration was in excess. In contrast to isocyanate-polymeric COOH systems, the reaction with HTPIB required no catalysts for extensive consumption of OH groups at moderate temperatures. The HTPIB-toluene diisocyanate reaction was far more selective, and this resulted in a greater potential for extension with the prepolymer. The physical properties of extended and crosslinked networks reflected this selectivity. For a given molecular weight level, networks with HTPIB-diisocyanate prepolymers were more extensible and had higher strengths than did CTPIB based counter parts. Fractionation of original starting materials into narrower molecular weight ranges with slightly improved degrees of functionality improved tensile strengths and extensibilities of subsequent HTPIB based networks. Interesting blocked polymer networks were formed with HTPIB and polyether diols (for example polytetramethyleneglycol). These two liquids which were immiscible, in the molecular weight range of Mn−2000, formed transparent elastic networks of high strength after mutual capping with TDI and subsequent extension and crosslinking by a combination of aromatic diamines and low molecular weight aliphatic diols.

SEM analysis of the change in the reaction rates with deposit structures in the copper-iron cementation system

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 456-457
Author(s):  
V. Annamalai ◽  
L.E. Murr
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Secondary Electron Emission ◽  
Copper Deposit ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Major Drawback ◽  
Emission Mode ◽  
Scrap Iron ◽  
Image Position

Economical recovery of copper metal from leach liquors has been carried out by the simple process of cementing copper onto a suitable substrate metal, such as scrap-iron, since the 16th century. The process has, however, a major drawback of consuming more iron than stoichiometrically needed by the reaction.Therefore, many research groups started looking into the process more closely. Though it is accepted that the structural characteristics of the resultant copper deposit cause changes in reaction rates for various experimental conditions, not many systems have been systematically investigated. This paper examines the deposit structures and the kinetic data, and explains the correlations between them.A simple cementation cell along with rotating discs of pure iron (99.9%) were employed in this study to obtain the kinetic results The resultant copper deposits were studied in a Hitachi Perkin-Elmer HHS-2R scanning electron microscope operated at 25kV in the secondary electron emission mode.

The Effects of Nitrogen on Electrical and Structural Properties in TaSixNy/SiO2/p-Si MOS Capacitors

2002 ◽  
Vol 716 ◽  
Author(s):  
You-Seok Suh ◽  
Greg Heuss ◽  
Jae-Hoon Lee ◽  
Veena Misra
Keyword(s):  
Structural Properties ◽  
Electron Spectroscopy ◽  
Oxygen Diffusion ◽  
Gate Dielectric ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mos Capacitors ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

AbstractIn this work, we report the effects of nitrogen on electrical and structural properties in TaSixNy /SiO2/p-Si MOS capacitors. TaSixNy films with various compositions were deposited by reactive sputtering of TaSi2 or by co-sputtering of Ta and Si targets in argon and nitrogen ambient. TaSixNy films were characterized by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. It was found that the workfunction of TaSixNy (Si>Ta) with varying N contents ranges from 4.2 to 4.3 eV. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy shows no indication of interfacial reaction or crystallization in TaSixNy on SiO2, resulting in no significant increase of leakage current in the capacitor during annealing. It is believed that nitrogen retards reaction rates and improves the chemical-thermal stability of the gate-dielectric interface and oxygen diffusion barrier properties.

Hydrostibination of Alkynes: A Radical Mechanism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh MacMillan ◽  
Katherine Marczenko ◽  
Erin Johnson ◽  
Saurabh Chitnis
Keyword(s):  
Density Functional ◽  
Activation Barrier ◽  
Closed Shell ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Radical Mechanism ◽  
Neutral Radical ◽  
Kinetic Isotope ◽  
Rate Limiting Step ◽  
Ionic Mechanisms ◽  
Terminal Acetylenes

The addition of Sb-H bonds to alkynes was reported recently as a new hydroelementation reaction that exclusively yields anti-Markovnikov <i>Z</i>-olefins from terminal acetylenes. We examine four possible mechanisms that are consistent with the observed stereochemical and regiochemical outcomes. A comprehensive analysis of solvent, substituent, isotope, additive, and temperature effects on hydrostibination reaction rates definitively refutes three ionic mechanisms involving closed-shell charged intermediates. Instead the data support a fourth pathway featuring neutral radical Sb<sup>II</sup> and Sb<sup>III</sup> intermediates. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations are consistent this model, predicting an activation barrier that is within 1 kcal mol<sup>-1</sup> of the experimental value (Eyring analysis) and a rate limiting step that is congruent with experimental kinetic isotope effect. We therefore conclude that hydrostibination of arylacetylenes is initiated by the generation of stibinyl radicals, which then participate in a cycle featuring Sb<sup>II</sup> and Sb<sup>III</sup> intermediates to yield the observed <i>Z</i>-olefins as products. This mechanistic understanding will enable rational evolution of hydrostibination as a methodology for accessing challenging products such as <i>E</i>-olefins.

A Conserved Asparagine in a Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme Positions the Substrate for Nucleophilic Attack

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walker M. Jones ◽  
Aaron G. Davis ◽  
R. Hunter Wilson ◽  
Katherine L. Elliott ◽  
Isaiah Sumner
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Molecular Mechanics ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Nucleophilic Attack ◽  
Classical Molecular Dynamics ◽  
Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme ◽  
Conjugating Enzyme

We present classical molecular dynamics (MD), Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD), and hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) data. MD was performed using the GPU accelerated pmemd module of the AMBER14MD package. BOMD was performed using CP2K version 2.6. The reaction rates in BOMD were accelerated using the Metadynamics method. QM/MM was performed using ONIOM in the Gaussian09 suite of programs. Relevant input files for BOMD and QM/MM are available.

Kinetic Solvent Effects in Organic Reactions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belinda Slakman ◽  
Richard West
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Effect ◽  
Reaction Kinetics ◽  
Computational Methods ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Kinetic Modeling ◽  
Solvent Effects ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Solvent Phase ◽  
High Throughput Manner

<div> <div> <div> <p>This article reviews prior work studying reaction kinetics in solution, with the goal of using this information to improve detailed kinetic modeling in the solvent phase. Both experimental and computational methods for calculating reaction rates in liquids are reviewed. Previous studies, which used such methods to determine solvent effects, are then analyzed based on reaction family. Many of these studies correlate kinetic solvent effect with one or more solvent parameters or properties of reacting species, but it is not always possible, and investigations are usually done on too few reactions and solvents to truly generalize. From these studies, we present suggestions on how best to use data to generalize solvent effects for many different reaction types in a high throughput manner. </p> </div> </div> </div>

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