The time course of retrograde transsynaptic transport of tetanus toxin fragment C in the oculomotor system of the rabbit after injection into extraocular eye muscles

1990 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.K.E. Horn ◽  
J.A. B�ttner-Ennever
Keyword(s):  
Tetanus Toxin ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Eye Muscles ◽  
Extraocular Eye Muscles

The statocyst-oculomotor system of octopus vulgaris : extraocular eye muscles, eye muscle nerves, statocyst nerves and the oculomotor centre in the central nervous system

1984 ◽  
Vol 306 (1127) ◽  
pp. 159-189 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Eye Muscles ◽  
Morphological Organization ◽  
Indirect Path ◽  
Extraocular Eye Muscles ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Stimulation Of

Seven extraocular eye muscles are described in Octopus vulgaris. There are three powerful recti muscles that produce linear movements and four oblique muscles producing rotation. Some of these oblique muscles are very thin sheets passing halfway round the eyeball. The eye muscles are controlled by seven nerves, but several of these innervate more than one muscle. Stimulation of the individual nerves produces the linear and rotatory movements, or both, to be expected from the morphological organization of the muscles they innervate. Two of the nerves run only to extraocular eye muscles, the other five contain additional fibres for the iris, chromatophores or skin. Cobalt filling of the central ends of the eye muscle nerves showed that all have fibres originating in the ipsilateral anterior lateral pedal lobe which is the oculomotor centre. The two nerves whose stim ulation gave expansion of the chrom atophores of the iris were shown to contain fibres with somata in the ipsilateral anterior chromatophore lobe. Two nerves gave constriction of the pupil and proved to contain fibres with somata in an area between the posterior pedal and magnocellular lobes, demonstrating the position of a pupillary control centre. Stimulation of one nerve gave dilation of the pupil but the origin of the relevant cells remains unclear. Cobalt filling of the central ends of the macula and crista nerves of the statocyst showed the destinations of their afferent fibres in many parts of the brain, including the oculomotor centre and higher motor centres of the basal and peduncle lobes. In addition, many somata of efferent fibres to the statocyst were filled in the oculomotor centre, in the posterior lateral pedal lobe, and in the posterior pedal and magnocellular lobes. The statocyst-oculomotor system of Octopus thus includes two pathways from the statocyst equilibrium receptor organs to the motoneurons of the eyes: one direct pathway, and another indirect path via higher integrative centres where visual information about movement is combined with that coming from the statocysts. This situation points to a rem arkable convergence between the Octopus statocyst-oculomotor system and the vestibulo-ocular system of vertebrates.

The oculomotor system of decapod cephalopods: eye muscles, eye muscle nerves, and the oculomotor neurons in the central nervous system

1993 ◽  
Vol 340 (1291) ◽  
pp. 93-125 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Similar Function ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Eye Muscles ◽  
Oculomotor Neurons ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Linear Movement ◽  
Extraocular Eye Muscles ◽  
Main Action ◽  
The Individual

Fourteen extraocular eye muscles are described in the decapods Loligo and Sepioteuthis , and thirteen in Sepia ; they are supplied by four eye muscle nerves. The main action of most of the muscles is a linear movement of the eyeball, only three muscles produce strong rotations. The arrangement, innervation and action of the decapod eye muscles are compared with those of the seven eye muscles and seven eye muscle nerves in Octopus . The extra muscles in decapods are attached to the anterior and superior faces of the eyes. At least the anterior muscles, and presumably also the superior muscles, are concerned with convergent eye movements for binocular vision during fixation and capture of prey by the tentacles. The remaining muscles are rather similar in the two cephalopod groups. In decapods, the anterior muscles include conjunctive muscles; these cross the midline and each presumably moves both eyes at the same time during fixation. In the squids Loligo and S epioteuthis there is an additional superior conjunctive muscle of perhaps similar function. Some of the anterior muscles are associated with a narrow moveable plate, the trochlear cartilage; it is attached to the eyeball by trochlear membranes. Centripetal cobalt fillings showed that all four eye muscle nerves have fibres that originate from somata in the ipsilateral anterior lateral pedal lobe, which is the oculomotor centre. The somata of the individual nerves show different but overlapping distributions. Bundles of small presumably afferent fibres were seen in two of the four nerves. They do not enter the anterior lateral pedal lobe but run to the ventral magnocellular lobe; some afferent fibres enter the brachio-palliovisceral connective and run perhaps as far as the palliovisceral lobe.

Structure and electrical properties of eye muscles in cave- and surface-dwelling crayfishes

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-199
Author(s):  
D. Mellon ◽  
G. Lnenicka
Keyword(s):  
Input Resistance ◽  
Selective Advantage ◽  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Membrane Resistance ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eye Muscles ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cave Dweller

The morphologies and passive electrical parameters of fibres in two eye muscles of a surface- and a cave-dwelling crayfish were compared. In the cave-dwelling form the muscles contained fewer fibres, of less diameter, and hence had a smaller cross-sectional area. Current-voltage relationships were similar in both species. Input resistance was higher in the cave-dweller, but the difference was not as great as would be expected on the basis of geometry alone. Accordingly, the specific membrane resistance of muscle fibres in the cave-dweller is 50–60% smaller than that in the surface-dweller. This may account partially for the observation that identified excitatory junctional potentials in muscles of cave- and surface dwellers have similar amplitudes. We conclude that a functional oculomotor system is maintained in cave-dwelling crayfish, and that this system confers some positive selective advantage.

scholarly journals Time course of spatiotopic updating across saccades

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 2027-2032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper H. Fabius ◽  
Alessio Fracasso ◽  
Tanja C. W. Nijboer ◽  
Stefan Van der Stigchel
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Oculomotor Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
The Brain

Humans move their eyes several times per second, yet we perceive the outside world as continuous despite the sudden disruptions created by each eye movement. To date, the mechanism that the brain employs to achieve visual continuity across eye movements remains unclear. While it has been proposed that the oculomotor system quickly updates and informs the visual system about the upcoming eye movement, behavioral studies investigating the time course of this updating suggest the involvement of a slow mechanism, estimated to take more than 500 ms to operate effectively. This is a surprisingly slow estimate, because both the visual system and the oculomotor system process information faster. If spatiotopic updating is indeed this slow, it cannot contribute to perceptual continuity, because it is outside the temporal regime of typical oculomotor behavior. Here, we argue that the behavioral paradigms that have been used previously are suboptimal to measure the speed of spatiotopic updating. In this study, we used a fast gaze-contingent paradigm, using high phi as a continuous stimulus across eye movements. We observed fast spatiotopic updating within 150 ms after stimulus onset. The results suggest the involvement of a fast updating mechanism that predictively influences visual perception after an eye movement. The temporal characteristics of this mechanism are compatible with the rate at which saccadic eye movements are typically observed in natural viewing.

Transsynaptic retrograde labeling in the oculomotor system of the monkey with [125I]tetanus toxin BIIb fragment

1981 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Büttner-Ennever ◽  
P. Grob ◽  
K. Akert ◽  
B. Bizzini
Keyword(s):  
Tetanus Toxin ◽  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Retrograde Labeling

Spike artefact of extraocular eye muscles does not account for increased saccadic peak velocity in EOG recordings

2011 ◽  
Vol 122 (7) ◽  
pp. 1476-1478
Author(s):  
Andreas Sprenger ◽  
Maren Lappe-Osthege ◽  
Christoph Helmchen
Keyword(s):  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Eye Muscles ◽  
Extraocular Eye Muscles
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