Three-dimensional organization of smooth muscle cells in blood vessels of laboratory rodents

Tissue engineering of blood vessels offers a potential new therapy for patients with vascular occlusive disease. In addition, tissue engineering technologies offer the opportunity to study the biology of vascular cells in a biomimetic, three-dimensional environment. A model for vascular tissue engineering was used to study the effects of vascular cell age on extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, cellular mitosis, and protein synthesis under controlled conditions in vitro. Blood vessels were grown using a three-dimensional polyglycolic acid (PGA) mesh that was seeded with either infant or adult porcine vascular smooth muscle cells. Mechanical forces in the form of pulsatile radial distension were applied for the duration of the 7-week growth period. Overall, infant cells exhibited higher levels of cellular proliferation, ECM deposition, and remodeling activity than cells derived from adult animals. In addition, vessels cultured from infant cells had enhanced physical properties compared to vessels cultured from adult cells. The differentiation state of the smooth muscle cells in the infant and adult constructs was unchanged from the native state. However, the levels of immature pro-collagen, although undetectable in the vessels grown from adult cells, were similar in native vessels and in vessels grown with infant cells. These studies have important implications for the study of aging and vascular disease and remodeling, as well as for the field of tissue engineering.

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Effect of all-trans retinoic acid and pentagalloyl glucose on smooth muscle cell elastogenesis

Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering ◽

10.3233/bme-201152 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Kaveh Sanaei ◽

Sydney Plotner ◽

Anson Oommen Jacob ◽

Jaime Ramirez-Vick ◽

Narendra Vyavahare ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Retinoic Acid ◽

Smooth Muscle Cells ◽

Blood Vessels ◽

Muscle Cells ◽

Trans Retinoic Acid ◽

All Trans Retinoic Acid ◽

Tissue Engineered Blood Vessels ◽

Pentagalloyl Glucose ◽

Vitamin A Derivative

BACKGROUND: The main objective of tissue engineering is to fabricate a tissue construct that mimics native tissue both biologically and mechanically. A recurring problem for tissue-engineered blood vessels (TEBV) is deficient elastogenesis from seeded smooth muscle cells. Elastin is an integral mechanical component in blood vessels, allowing elastic deformation and retraction in response to the shear and pulsatile forces of the cardiac system. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this research is to assess the effect of the vitamin A derivative all-trans retinoic acid (RA) and polyphenol pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) on the expression of elastin in human aortic smooth muscle cells (hASMC). METHODS: A polycaprolactone (PCL) and the gelatin polymer composite was electrospun and doped with RA and PGG. The scaffolds were subsequently seeded with hASMCs and incubated for five weeks. The resulting tissue-engineered constructs were evaluated using qPCR and Fastin assay for their elastin expression and deposition. RESULTS: All treatments showed an increased elastin expression compared to the control, with PGG treatments showing a significant increase in gene expression and elastin deposition.

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Extrarenal angiomyolipoma in uterine cervix: rare presentation in unusual site

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20195936 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 367

Author(s):

Rashmi Monteiro ◽

Shikha Sharma ◽

Sonal Gupta ◽

Indu Choudhary

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Smooth Muscle Cells ◽

Blood Vessels ◽

Uterine Cervix ◽

Abdominal Mass ◽

Muscle Cells ◽

Renal Angiomyolipoma ◽

Rare Presentation ◽

Unusual Site ◽

Hmb 45

Angiomyolipoma is a benign neoplasm composed of variable admixture of blood vessels, smooth muscle cells and adipose tissue. Cervical angiomyolipoma are extremely rare and to the best of our knowledge only five cases of angiomyolipoma in cervix have been reported in the literature till date. Authors are presenting a case of angiomyolipoma arising from the uterine cervix. 43 years old female presented with mass descending per vagina for 6 months. This case had no association with tuberous sclerosis. Microscopic examination showed an ill-defined polypoidal, non-encapsulated lesion covered by keratinized stratified epithelium. The lesion is made up of three components, predominantly by fascicles of spindle shaped cells, varying sized blood vessels and multiple foci of mature adipocytes with no evidence of atypia or increased mitotic activity. Smooth muscle component showed strong immunoreactivity to SMA and absence of elastic fibres in the blood vessels were confirmed by histochemistry. Non-vascular smooth muscle cells were negative for HMB-45 in contrast to renal and other extra-renal angiomyolipoma in which HMB-45 immunoreactivity in seen in these cells. To conclude, the differential diagnosis of lower abdominal mass and dysfunctional uterine bleeding should include the angiomyolipoma, even though the uterine cervix is an extremely rare location where they occur.

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ULTRASTRUCTURAL INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF NERVE PROCESSES AND SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS IN THREE DIMENSIONS

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.28.1.37 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 37-49 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

J. C. Thaemert

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Smooth Muscle Cells ◽

Osmium Tetroxide ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Muscle Cells ◽

Uranyl Acetate ◽

Intestinal Wall ◽

Three Dimensions ◽

Serial Sections ◽

Muscularis Externa

The muscularis externa of the intestinal wall of frogs was fixed in osmium tetroxide, embedded in Vestopal-W, serially sectioned for electron microscopy, and stained with uranyl acetate. A method to obtain individually mounted and properly positioned serial sections is described. The three-dimensional techniques used during the course of this investigation demonstrate that it is possible to examine carefully relatively large areas of tissue on individual serial sections with the electron microscope and subsequently to construct montages of electron micrographs of pertinent areas from each section. Several carefully rendered interrelationships of nerve processes and smooth muscle cells in three dimensions are exhibited and described. Recent studies of other neuro-effector relationships are discussed in relation to the present status of the nature and organization of the autonomic nervous system in visceral organs.

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Mechanical Stress-Induced Orientation and Ultrastructural Change of Smooth Muscle Cells Cultured in Three-Dimensional Collagen Lattices

Cell Transplantation ◽

10.1177/096368979400300605 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

pp. 481-492 ◽

Cited By ~ 104

Author(s):

Keiichi Kanda ◽

Takehisa Matsuda

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Tensile Stress ◽

Smooth Muscle Cells ◽

Type I Collagen ◽

Dynamic Stress ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Muscle Cells ◽

The Other ◽

Type I ◽

Oriented Parallel

The effect of tensile stress on the orientation and phenotype of arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) cultured in three-dimensional (3D) type I collagen gels was morphologically investigated. Ring-shaped hybrid tissues were prepared by thermal gelation of a cold mixed solution of type I collagen and SMCs derived from bovine aorta. The tissues were subjected to three different modes of tensile stress. They were floated (isotonic control), stretched isometrically (static stress) and periodically stretched and recoiled by 5% above and below the resting tissue length at 60 RPM frequency (dynamic stress). After incubation for up to four wk, the tissues were investigated under a light microscope (LM) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Hematoxylin and eosinstained LM samples revealed that, irrespective of static or dynamic stress loading, SMCs in stress-loaded tissues exhibited elongated bipolar spindle shape and were regularly oriented parallel to the direction of the strain, whereas those in isotonic control tissues were polygonal or spherical and had no preferential orientation. In Azan-stained samples, collagen fiber bundles in isotonic control tissues were somewhat retracted around the polygonal SMCs to form a random network. On the other hand, those in statically and dynamically stressed tissues were accumulated and prominently oriented parallel to the stretch direction. Ultrastructural investigation using a TEM showed that SMCs in control and statically stressed tissues were almost totally filled with synthetic organelles such as rough endoplasmic reticulums, free ribosomes, Golgi complexes and mitochondria, indicating that the cells remained in the synthetic phenotype. On the other hand, SMCs in dynamically stressed tissues had increased fractions of contractile apparatus, such as myofilaments, dense bodies and extracellular filamentous materials equivalent to basement membranes, that progressed with incubation time. These results indicate that periodic stretch, in concert with 3-D extracellular collagen matrices, play a significant role in the phenotypic modulation of SMCs from the synthetic to the contractile state, as well as cellular and biomolecular orientation.

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Differentiating human pluripotent stem cells into vascular smooth muscle cells in three dimensional thermoreversible hydrogels

Biomaterials Science ◽

10.1039/c8bm01128a ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 347-361 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Haishuang Lin ◽

Qian Du ◽

Qiang Li ◽

Ou Wang ◽

Zhanqi Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Vascular Smooth Muscle ◽

Smooth Muscle Cells ◽

Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells ◽

Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽

Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Muscle Cells ◽

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽

Scalable Production

3D thermoreversible PNIPAAm-PEG hydrogels are used for scalable production of human pluripotent stem cell-derived vascular smooth muscle cells.

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Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells as Antagonists in Vascular Fibrinoysis

10.1055/s-0039-1689470 ◽

1975 ◽

Author(s):

V. Noordhoek Hegt

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Smooth Muscle Cells ◽

Blood Vessels ◽

Plasminogen Activator ◽

Fibrinolytic Activity ◽

Vascular System ◽

Muscle Cells ◽

Vascular Wall ◽

Vasa Vasorum ◽

Slide Technique

Endothelial plasminogen activator activity in different types of human blood vessels obtained from fifty necropsies and thirty-five biopsies was detected and localized by means of plasminogen-rich fibrin slides. Great differences in endothelial activator activity were found along and across (vasa vasorum) the wall of the human vascular system.The same blood vessels were simultaneously investigated by a modified fibrin slide technique using plasminogen-free fibrin slides covered by plasmin to detect and localize inhibition of fibrinolysis in the vascular wall. The great variation in plasmin inhibition in different vessels revealed by this “fibrin slide sandwich technique” appeared to be closely associated with the localization and number of smooth muscle cells present in the walls of the vascular system. Strong plasmin inhibition was generally found at sites which showed no activator activity with the regular fibrin slide technique, while areas with a high endothelial fibrinolytic activity mostly revealed no inhibitory capacity.These results indicate that much of the variation in endothelial fibrinolytic activity on fibrin slides is due to inhibitory effects from the surrounding smooth muscle cells rather than to variability in the plasminogen activator content of the endothelium itself.

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Differentiation of Smooth Muscle Cells in Human Blood Vessels as Defined by Smoothelin, a Novel Marker for the Contractile Phenotype

Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology ◽

10.1161/01.atv.17.4.665 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 665-671 ◽

Cited By ~ 102

Author(s):

Frank T. L. van der Loop ◽

Giulio Gabbiani ◽

Gaby Kohnen ◽

Frans C. S. Ramaekers ◽

Guillaume J. J. M. van Eys

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Smooth Muscle Cells ◽

Blood Vessels ◽

Human Blood ◽

Muscle Cells ◽

Contractile Phenotype

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Fabrication of in vitro three-dimensional multilayered blood vessel model using human endothelial and smooth muscle cells and high-strength PEG hydrogel

Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering ◽

10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.02.013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 116 (2) ◽

pp. 231-234 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Sho Shinohara ◽

Takanori Kihara ◽

Shinji Sakai ◽

Michiya Matsusaki ◽

Mitsuru Akashi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Blood Vessel ◽

Smooth Muscle Cells ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

High Strength ◽

Muscle Cells

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