The occurrence of unusual laminated structures rich in ?-1,4-glucans in plastids of Phaseolus vulgaris root-nodule cells infected by an ineffective C4-dicarboxylic-acid mutant of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli

Planta ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 180 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
PierreJ. Lafontaine ◽  
Nicole Benhamou ◽  
Hani Antoun
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acid ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Laminated Structures

Relationship between Activities of Enzymes for the Removal of O2·- and H2O2 and Nitrogenase in Root Nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris L.

1995 ◽  
Vol 50 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 543-551
Author(s):  
Bernhard Epping ◽  
Alexander P. Hansen ◽  
Peter Martin
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Ascorbate Peroxidase ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Bacterial Strains

Abstract Nodules of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli in symbiosis with Phaseolus vulgaris were compared with regard to their nitrogenase activity and activities of enzymes involved in the removal of O2·- and H2O2 as well as total ascorbate content. Activities of catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11), and total ascorbate content were consist­ently higher in nodules inhabited by bacterial strains with higher nitrogenase activity. Values for superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.11), and guaiacol peroxidase activity did not differ for the bacterial strains compared. On the other hand, when different plant cultivars were inoculated with the same bacterial strain, high nitrogenase activity did not correlate with a higher activ­ity of the oxygen scavenging enzyms or a higher content of total ascorbate. In this case, values for guaiacol peroxidase activity were greatly enhanced in nodules with lower nitrogen­ ase activity. This may be part of a hypersensitive reaction of the plant cultivar against the bacterial symbiotic partner. Inhibition of catalase activity in the nodules by addition of triazole to the nutrient solution did not alter nitrogenase activity within the first nine hours after addition. It can be concluded that the activity of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase is not generally coupled to nitrogenase activity in root nodules of P. vulgaris.

Phaseolus vulgaris is nodulated in northern Spain by Rhizobium leguminosarum strains harboring two nodC alleles present in American Rhizobium etli strains: biogeographical and evolutionary implications

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 657-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula García-Fraile ◽  
Daniel Mulas-García ◽  
Alvaro Peix ◽  
Raúl Rivas ◽  
Fernando González-Andrés ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Intergenic Spacer ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Phylogenetic Group ◽  
Rhizobium Etli ◽  
Symbiotic Genes ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Major Producer ◽  
Core Genes

In this study a collection of rhizobial strains were isolated from effective nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris in a wide region of northern Spain, which is the major producer region of this legume in Spain. The analysis of their core genes, rrs, atpD, and recA, and the 16S–23S intergenic spacer showed that all isolates belong to the phylogenetic group of Rhizobium leguminosarum and some of them were identical to those of strains nodulating Vicia or Trifolium . None of the isolates was identified as Rhizobium etli ; however, all of them carry the nodC alleles α and γ harboured by American strains of this species. These alleles were also found in strains nodulating P. vulgaris in southern Spain identified as R. etli. These results suggest that R. etli was carried from America to Spain with common bean seeds, but that they could have found difficulties persisting in the soils of northern Spain, probably because of the climatic conditions. The symbiotic genes of this species could have been transferred, after the arrival of P. vulgaris, to strains of R. leguminosarum already present in northern Spanish soils.

scholarly journals The Pea Nodule Environment Restores the Ability of a Rhizobium leguminosarum Lipopolysaccharide acpXL Mutant To Add 27-Hydroxyoctacosanoic Acid to Its Lipid A

2006 ◽  
Vol 188 (6) ◽  
pp. 2126-2133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinata Vedam ◽  
Elmar Kannenberg ◽  
Anup Datta ◽  
Dusty Brown ◽  
Janine G. Haynes-Gann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Alternative Mechanism ◽  
Acyl Residue ◽  
Host Root ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Alternate Mechanism

ABSTRACT Members of the Rhizobiaceae contain 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid (27OHC28:0) in their lipid A. A Rhizobium leguminosarum 3841 acpXL mutant (named here Rlv22) lacking a functional specialized acyl carrier lacked 27OHC28:0 in its lipid A, had altered growth and physiological properties (e.g., it was unable to grow in the presence of an elevated salt concentration [0.5% NaCl]), and formed irregularly shaped bacteroids, and the synchronous division of this mutant and the host plant-derived symbiosome membrane was disrupted. In spite of these defects, the mutant was able to persist within the root nodule cells and eventually form, albeit inefficiently, nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. This result suggested that while it is in a host root nodule, the mutant may have some mechanism by which it adapts to the loss of 27OHC28:0 from its lipid A. In order to further define the function of this fatty acyl residue, it was necessary to examine the lipid A isolated from mutant bacteroids. In this report we show that addition of 27OHC28:0 to the lipid A of Rlv22 lipopolysaccharides is partially restored in Rlv22 acpXL mutant bacteroids. We hypothesize that R. leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 contains an alternate mechanism (e.g., another acp gene) for the synthesis of 27OHC28:0, which is activated when the bacteria are in the nodule environment, and that it is this alternative mechanism which functionally replaces acpXL and is responsible for the synthesis of 27OHC28:0-containing lipid A in the Rlv22 acpXL bacteroids.

Characterization of some non-fixing mutants of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 977-983 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Buttery ◽  
S. J. Park
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Nitrate Reductase ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Parent Line ◽  
Rhizobium Strains ◽  
Wild Type Parent

With 18 strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli the bean mutants R99 and NOD125 remained essentially non-nodulating, while the mutant R69 produced a variable number of small white ineffective nodules, and the wild-type parent-line OAC Rico formed a variable number of pink effective nodules. Both R69 and R99 grew less vigorously than OAC Rico, but possessed similar levels of nitrate reductase in both roots and leaves, and responded in a normal way to increased supply of combined nitrogen. Reciprocal grafts between the non-nodulating R99 and NOD125, the ineffective R69, the wild-type parent line OAC Rico, and the supernodulating R32BS, demonstrated that the non-nodulating and ineffective characters were controlled by the root, and confirmed that the supernodulation character was controlled by the shoot. Key words: Common bean, nitrate reductase, non-fixing mutants, Phaseolus vulgaris, Rhizobium strains, supernodulation

Organization of microtubules in developing pea root nodule cells

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (7) ◽  
pp. 777-786
Author(s):  
A L Davidson ◽  
W Newcomb
Keyword(s):  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Root Nodules ◽  
Cell Cortex ◽  
Cortical Microtubules ◽  
Microtubule Organization ◽  
Pea Root ◽  
Fluorescence And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Cytoplasmic Microtubules

Pisum sativum L. (pea) root nodule cells undergo many cellular changes in response to infection by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae. These include cell growth, organelle reorganization, and changes relating to the increase in the number of bacteria within the cell. The objective of this study was to characterize microtubule organization during nodule cell development. The organization of microtubules was examined in developing pea root nodules using fluorescence and electron microscopy techniques. Immunolabelling of microtubules in meristematic cells showed diffuse fluorescence in the cell cortex and adjacent to the nuclear envelope. Recently infected cells contained randomly oriented cortical microtubules and cytoplasmic microtubules that were fragmented with diffuse fluorescence. Infected cells contained an extensive network of long, randomly arranged cortical microtubules with some parallel bundles. Cytoplasmic microtubules in single optical sections of infected cells appeared as short undulating filaments; however, overlapping images from a Z-series of an infected cell showed that the microtubules are long and wavy, and generally radiate inward from the cell cortex.Key words: nodule, microtubules, Rhizobium, pea, symbiosis.

scholarly journals Lipochitin Oligosaccharides from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae Reduce Auxin Transport Capacity in Vicia sativa subsp. nigra Roots

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 839-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kees J. M. Boot ◽  
Anton A. N. van Brussel ◽  
Teun Tak ◽  
Herman P. Spaink ◽  
Jan W. Kijne
Keyword(s):  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Polar Auxin Transport ◽  
Vicia Sativa ◽  
Transport Capacity ◽  
Transport Inhibition ◽  
Split Root System

Induction of the formation of root nodule primordia in legume roots by symbiotic rhizobia is probably preceded by a change in plant hormone physiology. We used a Vicia sativa (vetch) split root system to study the effect of inoculation with rhizobia or purified Nod factors (lipochitin oligosaccharides, LCOs) on polar auxin transport in roots. Addition of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae, the infective symbiote of vetch, to roots of its host plant reduced polar auxin transport capacity of these roots within 24 h, in contrast to addition of non-nodulating, Sym plasmid-cured rhizobia. Addition of purified vetch-specific LCOs (NodRlv-IV/V[18:4,Ac]) caused a transient reduction in as little as 4 h after application, while after 16 h a second, stronger, and prolonged inhibition was observed that lasted at least 48 h. This reduction of auxin transport capacity was in the same order of magnitude as inhibition by N-(1-naphthyl)phthalamic acid (NPA). Purified LCOs (NodRm-IV[16:2,Ac,S]) from Sinorhizobium meliloti, the symbiote of alfalfa, and chitopentaose were inactive, which indicates a specific effect of LCOs produced by R. leguminosarum bv. viciae. Auxin transport inhibition was restricted to the apical nodulation-susceptible part of the roots, whereas the upper parts of the roots showed no difference in auxin transport after treatment. The effect could be observed with as low as 10-9 M NodRlv-IV/V[18:4,Ac] LCOs. Reduction of auxin transport by LCOs could not be inhibited by nitrate. Since inhibition of auxin transport capacity preceded the first root cortical cell divisions that result in root primordium formation, our results suggest a direct relationship between LCOs, polar auxin transport, and root nodule initiation, consistent with the hypothesis of U. Mathesius, H. R. M. Schlaman, H. P. Spaink, C. Sautter, B. G. Rolfe, and M. A. Djordjevic (Plant J. 14:23–34, 1998). However, nonmitogenic NodRlv-IV/V[18:1,Ac] showed a similar effect, which suggests that mitogenicity results from additional effects, in concert with auxin transport inhibition.

Boron deficiency in pasture based on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) is linked to symbiotic malfunction

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo J. Hamilton ◽  
Kevin F. M. Reed ◽  
Elainne M. A. Leach ◽  
John Brockwell
Keyword(s):  
N2 Fixation ◽  
Rhizobium Leguminosarum ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Effective Strain ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Boron Deficiency ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
Clover Root ◽  
Clover Seed

Field and glasshouse experiments confirmed the occurrence of boron (B) deficiency in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) pasture in eastern Victoria. Diminished productivity was linked to the small-seededness of clover and the poor effectiveness of clover root-nodule bacteria (rhizobia, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii). Productivity, especially of clover and clover seed, increased following applications of up to 6 kg B ha–1 (P < 0.001). The response was delayed, occurring several years after the initial application of B, unless the land was resown with fresh clover seed inoculated with an effective strain of rhizobia. B deficiency in the nodulated legume induced conditions within the plant and or its rhizobia that led to impaired nitrogen (N2) fixation. Glasshouse research indicated that populations of soil-borne rhizobia taken from B-deficient soils were poorly effective in N2 fixation and that rhizobia from soils growing subterranean clover cv. Leura were significantly less effective (P < 0.05) than rhizobia from a soil growing cv. Mt Barker. Additionally, subterranean clover seed generated in B-deficient soils was at least one-third smaller than the seed of commercial seed but responded to inoculation with effective rhizobia. This indicated that any symbiotic malfunction of clover from B-deficient soils was not due to an inability to respond to nitrogen per se. On the other hand, cv. Leura from B-deficient soils fixed significantly less N2 than commercial cv. Leura when each was inoculated with rhizobia from B-deficient soils.

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