Investigation on early divergence between populations of Drosophila melanogaster kept at different temperatures

Genetica ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Cavicchi ◽  
G. Giorgi ◽  
M. Mochi
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Different Temperatures

scholarly journals THE TIME CURVE OF FACET DETERMINATION IN AN ULTRABAR STOCK OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

1934 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Hersh
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Arrhenius Equation ◽  
Temperature Relation ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Velocity Constant ◽  
Effective Period ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Sigmoid Curve ◽  
Males And Females

By a dissection of the data obtained by Driver on the effective periods at different temperatures in males and females of an ultrabar stock of Drosophila melanogaster it has been found that a symmetrical sigmoid curve satisfactorily describes the time course of the facet-determining reaction. Consequently the differences between members of the bar series in regard to this reaction do not represent merely developmental arrests of the process at some greater or lesser distance from a common upper asymptote, but the termination of the process is approached asymptotically. The velocity constant/temperature relation shows a discontinuity in the neighborhood of 21° which may be causally related to the change in the position of the effective period from the second to the third instar. The velocity constant apparently does not conform to the well known Arrhenius equation in its relation to temperature.

scholarly journals Identification, characterization and use of novel thermogenetic tools in drosophilia melanogaster

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Aditi Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Place Learning ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Gustatory Receptors ◽  
Response Properties ◽  
Different Temperatures

Extrinsic control of neural activity is necessary to decipher the neural mechanisms underlying behavior. Molecular tools that employ light (optogenetics) or temperature (thermogenetics) are primarily used for extrinsic manipulation of neurons. While the available tools offer precise temporal and spatial resolution, their caveats lie in the limited number of tools that can be used simultaneously to alter neuronal activity. The overlapping spectrum of activation of optogenetic tools prevents their simultaneous use in preparations. Similarly, the lack of thermogenetic tools that can function in the physiological range of organisms has restricted their use. The use of thermogenetic tools is limited to two members from the Transient receptor family of proteins, TrpA1 and TrpM8 to activate neurons, and one protein that reduces synaptic output, Shibirets. A major drawback to the Trp channels is their response to both temperature and voltage changes. Hence, the discovery of a new temperature sensitive Gustatory Receptor protein provided an opportunity to mine for other temperature sensitive proteins and develop novel thermogenetic tools. In this thesis we report the identification of several thermosensitive proteins, their characterization, and use in studying the learning and memory of freely moving flies. In the first chapter, we probed several Gustatory receptors for their temperature sensitivity using the heat box. The heat box is a high throughput system that enables us to test and track the behavior of single flies in response to temperature. The top and bottom of heat box chamber has Peltier elements that allow for control of temperature with a resolution of 1[degrees]C. We overexpressed several Gustatory receptors one at a time pan neuronally in Drosophila melanogaster and exposed them to various assays. Our initials results imply that at least 2 Drosophila melanogaster Gustatory receptors other than Gr28bD are temperature sensitive. To increase the repertoire of thermosensitive proteins, we assayed for temperature response properties of Gr28bD orthologs from 5 other Drosophila species that occupy different habitats in the world. We rationalized that flies in different habitats will have Gr28bD orthologs with unique temperature response properties designed to sustain in that habitat. Of the 5 proteins we tested, we found that 4 proteins are temperature sensitive at different temperatures. While pan-neuronal overexpression is a robust method to determine the temperature responsiveness of a protein, it does not recapitulate the natural environment the protein is present in. In D. melanogaster, Gr28bD is present in specialized heat sensing cells in the antenna, called Hot Cells. There are 3 Hot cells on each of the two antennae. There is however no physiological information on the where the orthologs are expressed. Since Gr28bD is used for rapid heat avoidance in flies, we rationalized that its orthologs too sever a similar function in their host species and are expressed in the peripheral regions. Hence, in the second chapter, we tested for the avoidance behavior of flies using two choice assays. We made mutant flies that lacked Gr28b proteins, including Gr28bD in the antennae. We then examined the ability of the orthologs to rescue the heat avoidance behavior in these mutants. We found that all the orthologs respond to temperature differences albeit, at different temperatures. Above a threshold temperature, flies rescued with some orthologs could not differentiate between small temperature differences, suggesting that the activity of the orthologs might saturate beyond certain temperatures. Some homologs responded to temperature only when expressed in Hot Cells, thus leading us to examine the presence of accessory proteins it the hot cells that might be enhancing the thermosensitive properties of these homologs. We found several candidate proteins that can studied further to determine their role in the temperature sensing in the hot cells. When used as thermogenetic tools, thermosensitive proteins are in localized environments in small cluster of cells. In the third chapter, we expressed Gr28bD in small clusters of dopaminergic neurons in the fly brain with an aim to understand the role of activation of dopaminergic neurons in operant place learning and memory paradigm. In addition to examining their learning scores at different temperatures, we investigated other behaviors of the flies during the training. Contrary to previous results from our lab that showed that dopaminergic neurons are not important for place learning and memory, we found that activation of a specific subset of dopaminergic neurons does alter place learning and memory. Our findings new laid the groundwork for more experiments to investigate dopaminergic modulation of place learning and memory.

scholarly journals CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSIS OF HEAT-SHOCK TOLERANCE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER EVOLVING AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES IN THE LABORATORY

Evolution ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 676-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandro Cavicchi ◽  
Daniela Guerra ◽  
Vittoria La Torre ◽  
Raymond B. Huey
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Chromosomal Analysis ◽  
Different Temperatures

scholarly journals The spread of resistance to imidacloprid is restricted by thermotolerance in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Fournier-Level ◽  
Robert T Good ◽  
Stephen Wilcox ◽  
Rahul V Rane ◽  
Michelle Schiffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Climate Extremes ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Considerable Controversy ◽  
Harmful Effects

AbstractImidacloprid, the world’s most utilised insecticide1, has raised considerable controversy due to its harmful effects on non-pest species2–6 and there is increasing evidence showing that insecticides have become the primary selective force in many insect species7–14. The genetic response to insecticides is heterogeneous across population and environment15–17, leading to more complex patterns of genetic variation than previously thought. This motivated the investigation of imidacloprid resistance at different temperatures in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster originating from four climate extremes replicated across two continents. Population and quantitative genomic analysis, supported by functional tests, demonstrated a polygenic basis to resistance and a major trade-off with thermotolerance. Reduced genetic differentiation at resistance-associated loci indicate enhanced gene flow at these loci. Resistance alleles showed stronger evidence of positive selection in temperate populations compared to tropical populations. Polygenic architecture and ecological factors should be considered when developing sustainable management strategies for both pest and beneficial insects.

scholarly journals Changes in relative fitness with temperature among second chromosome arrangements in Drosophila melanogaster.

Genetics ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-514
Author(s):  
W van Delden ◽  
A Kamping
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Relative Fitness ◽  
Significant Excess ◽  
Chromosome Arrangements ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Latitudinal Clines ◽  
Frequency Changes ◽  
Weight Decrease ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Abstract Development time and body weight of In(2L)t, R (a putative short inversion on the left arm of the second chromosome) and ST (standard) karyotypes of Drosophila melanogaster were measured at different temperatures. Frequency changes were followed in populations polymorphic for In(2L)t and ST and kept under different environmental conditions. These experiments were carried out in order to explain the worldwide latitudinal clines for In(2L)t and other inversions. To avoid interactions with the Adh and alpha Gpdh loci, which also have latitudinal clines, all karyotypes were homozygous AdhS alpha GpdhF. In(2L)t homokaryotypes had a longer development time and a lower weight than the other karyotypes at all temperatures. R/ST heterokaryotypes had the shortest development time and ST/ST had the smallest weight decrease with increasing temperature. The differences among the In(2L)t and ST karyotypes in development time were further analyzed in an experiment where the age at which 50% of the larvae were able to become adults, without further food ingestion, was determined. In polymorphic populations at 20 degrees and 25 degrees a significant decline of In(2L)t frequencies was observed. At 29.5 degrees and 33 degrees there was no change in In(2L)t frequencies but a significant excess of heterokaryotypes occurred. On ethanol-supplemented food the most drastic decline in In(2L)t frequency was observed. Populations transferred at 2- and 3-week intervals at 25 degrees exhibited large differences in final In(2L)t frequencies. The frequency changes could in part be attributed to the differences in development time and to previously observed differences in high temperature resistance. The experiments prove that the karyotypes are under selection. The results are discussed in relation to the geographic distribution of In(2L)t.

Temperature affects the ontogeny of sexually dimorphic cuticular hydrocarbons in Drosophila melanogaster

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (20) ◽  
pp. 3241-3249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrice Savarit ◽  
Jean-François Ferveur
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Cuticular Hydrocarbons ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Mate Recognition ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Shock Pulse ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Transgenic Strains

SUMMARY Hydrocarbons on the cuticle of mature Drosophila melanogasterflies play a crucial role in mate recognition, and protect against dehydration. We measured the effect of temperature on mature cuticular hydrocarbons (CHs) by (i) rearing two control strains at different temperatures, (ii) shifting the temperature after metamorphosis and (iii)inducing a single heat-shock pulse in control and heat-sensitive transgenic strains, over a period of 3 days following adult eclosion. This study describes the time course of the events involved in the production of male-and female-predominant CHs. We also found that `immature' CHs, sexually monomorphic CHs on younger flies, were not affected by these treatments.

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