scholarly journals The spread of resistance to imidacloprid is restricted by thermotolerance in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Fournier-Level ◽  
Robert T Good ◽  
Stephen Wilcox ◽  
Rahul V Rane ◽  
Michelle Schiffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Climate Extremes ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Considerable Controversy ◽  
Harmful Effects

AbstractImidacloprid, the world’s most utilised insecticide1, has raised considerable controversy due to its harmful effects on non-pest species2–6 and there is increasing evidence showing that insecticides have become the primary selective force in many insect species7–14. The genetic response to insecticides is heterogeneous across population and environment15–17, leading to more complex patterns of genetic variation than previously thought. This motivated the investigation of imidacloprid resistance at different temperatures in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster originating from four climate extremes replicated across two continents. Population and quantitative genomic analysis, supported by functional tests, demonstrated a polygenic basis to resistance and a major trade-off with thermotolerance. Reduced genetic differentiation at resistance-associated loci indicate enhanced gene flow at these loci. Resistance alleles showed stronger evidence of positive selection in temperate populations compared to tropical populations. Polygenic architecture and ecological factors should be considered when developing sustainable management strategies for both pest and beneficial insects.

scholarly journals Genomic analysis of European Drosophila melanogaster populations reveals longitudinal structure, continent-wide selection, and previously unknown DNA viruses

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Kapun ◽  
Maite G. Barrón ◽  
Fabian Staubach ◽  
Darren J. Obbard ◽  
R. Axel W. Wiberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Spatio Temporal

AbstractGenetic variation is the fuel of evolution, with standing genetic variation especially important for short-term evolution and local adaptation. To date, studies of spatio-temporal patterns of genetic variation in natural populations have been challenging, as comprehensive sampling is logistically difficult, and sequencing of entire populations costly. Here, we address these issues using a collaborative approach, sequencing 48 pooled population samples from 32 locations, and perform the first continent-wide genomic analysis of genetic variation in European Drosophila melanogaster. Our analyses uncover longitudinal population structure, provide evidence for continent-wide selective sweeps, identify candidate genes for local climate adaptation, and document clines in chromosomal inversion and transposable element frequencies. We also characterise variation among populations in the composition of the fly microbiome, and identify five new DNA viruses in our samples.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and genomic analysis of P elements in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.A. Kozeretska ◽  
V. Bondarenko ◽  
V.I. Shulga ◽  
S.V. Serga ◽  
A.I. Rozhok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Element Composition ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Mobile Dna ◽  
P Elements ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Genomic Basis

AbstractThe Drosophila melanogaster P transposable element provides one of the best cases of horizontal transfer of a mobile DNA sequence in eukaryotes. Invasion of natural populations by the P element has led to a syndrome of phenotypes known as “P-M hybrid dysgenesis” that emerges when strains differing in their P element composition mate and produce offspring. Despite extensive research on many aspects of P element biology, questions remain about the stability and genomic basis of variation in P-M dysgenesis phenotypes. Here we report the P-M status for a number of populations sampled recently from Ukraine that appear to be undergoing a shift in their P element composition. Gondal dysgenesis assays reveal that Ukrainian populations of D. melanogaster are currently dominated by the P’ cytotype, a cytotype that was previously thought to be rare in nature, suggesting that a new active form of the P element has recently spread in this region. We also compared gondal dysgenesis phenotypes and genomic P element predictions for isofemale strains obtained from three worldwide populations of D. melanogaster in order to guide further work on the molecular basis of differences in cytotype status across populations. We find that the number of euchromatic P elements per strain can vary significantly across populations but that total P element numbers are not strongly correlated with the degree of gondal dysgenesis. Our work shows that rapid changes in cytotype status can occur in natural populations of D. melanogaster, and informs future efforts to decode the genomic basis of geographic and temporal differences in P element induced phenotypes.

scholarly journals Genomic analysis of P elements in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey M. Bergman ◽  
Michael G. Nelson ◽  
Vladyslav Bondarenko ◽  
Iryna A. Kozeretska
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Gonadal Dysgenesis ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Read Depth ◽  
North American Population ◽  
Mobile Dna ◽  
Geographic Differences ◽  
Isofemale Strains ◽  
Genomic Basis

AbstractThe Drosophila melanogaster P transposable element provides one of the best cases of horizontal transfer of a mobile DNA sequence in eukaryotes. Invasion of natural populations by the P element has led to a syndrome of phenotypes known as P-M hybrid dysgenesis that emerges when strains differing in their P element composition mate and produce offspring. Despite extensive research on many aspects of P element biology, many questions remain about the genomic basis of variation in P-M dysgenesis phenotypes in natural populations. Here we compare gonadal dysgenesis phenotypes and genomic P element predictions for isofemale strains obtained from three worldwide populations of D. melanogaster to illuminate the molecular basis of natural variation in cytotype status. We show that the number of predicted P element insertions in genome sequences from isofemale strains is highly correlated across different bioinformatics methods, but the absolute number of insertions per strain is sensitive to method and filtering strategies. Regardless of method used, we find that the number of euchromatic P element insertions predicted per strain varies significantly across populations, with strains from a North American population having fewer P element insertions than strains from populations sampled in Europe or Africa. Despite these geographic differences, numbers of euchromatic P element insertions are not strongly correlated with the degree of gonadal dysgenesis exhibited by an isofemale strain. Thus, variation in P element insertion numbers across different populations does not necessarily lead to corresponding geographic differences in gonadal dysgenesis phenotypes. Additionally, we show that pool-seq samples can uncover population differences in the number of P element insertions observed from isofemale lines, but that efforts to rigorously detect differences in the number of P elements across populations using pool-seq data must properly control for read depth per strain. Our work supports the view that euchromatic P element copy number is not sufficient to explain variation in gonadal dysgenesis across strains of D. melanogaster, and informs future efforts to decode the genomic basis of geographic and temporal differences in P element induced phenotypes.

scholarly journals Genomic Analysis of European Drosophila melanogaster Populations Reveals Longitudinal Structure, Continent-Wide Selection, and Previously Unknown DNA Viruses

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 2661-2678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Kapun ◽  
Maite G Barrón ◽  
Fabian Staubach ◽  
Darren J Obbard ◽  
R Axel W Wiberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Selective Sweeps ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Term Evolution

Abstract Genetic variation is the fuel of evolution, with standing genetic variation especially important for short-term evolution and local adaptation. To date, studies of spatiotemporal patterns of genetic variation in natural populations have been challenging, as comprehensive sampling is logistically difficult, and sequencing of entire populations costly. Here, we address these issues using a collaborative approach, sequencing 48 pooled population samples from 32 locations, and perform the first continent-wide genomic analysis of genetic variation in European Drosophila melanogaster. Our analyses uncover longitudinal population structure, provide evidence for continent-wide selective sweeps, identify candidate genes for local climate adaptation, and document clines in chromosomal inversion and transposable element frequencies. We also characterize variation among populations in the composition of the fly microbiome, and identify five new DNA viruses in our samples.

scholarly journals Mitogenomic analysis of diversity of key whitefly pests in Kenya and its implication to their sustainable management

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fathiya M. Khamis ◽  
Fidelis L. O. Ombura ◽  
Inusa J. Ajene ◽  
Komivi S. Akutse ◽  
Sevgan Subramanian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Aleyrodes Proletella ◽  
Aleurodicus Dispersus

AbstractWhiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are devastating agricultural pests of economic importance vectoring pathogenic plant viruses. Knowledge on their diversity and distribution in Kenya is scanty, limiting development of effective sustainable management strategies. The present study is aimed at identifying whitefly pest species present in Kenya across different agroecological zones and establish predictive models for the most abundant species in Africa. Whiteflies were sampled in Kenya from key crops known to be severely infested and identified using 16S rRNA markers and complete mitochondrial genomes. Four whitefly species were identified: Aleyrodes proletella, Aleurodicus dispersus, Bemisia afer and Trialeurodesvaporariorum, the latter being the most dominant species across all the agroecology. The assembly of complete mitogenomes and comparative analysis of all 13 protein coding genes confirmed the identities of the four species. Furthermore, prediction spatial models indicated high climatic suitability of T. vaporariorum in Africa, Europe, Central America, parts of Southern America, parts of Australia, New Zealand and Asia. Consequently, our findings provide information to guide biosecurity agencies on protocols to be adopted for precise identification of pest whitefly species in Kenya to serve as an early warning tool against T. vaporariorum invasion into unaffected areas and guide appropriate decision-making on their management.

scholarly journals Female Genotypes Affect Sperm Displacement in Drosophila

Genetics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 149 (3) ◽  
pp. 1487-1493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew G Clark ◽  
David J Begun
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Isogenic Line ◽  
Female Fitness ◽  
Sperm Displacement ◽  
Extensive Variation ◽  
Polymorphic Genes ◽  
Displacement Parameter ◽  
Competitive Success

Abstract Differential success of sperm is likely to be an important component of fitness. Extensive variation among male genotypes in competitive success of sperm in multiply mated females has been documented for Drosophila melanogaster. However, virtually all previous studies considered the female to be a passive vessel. Nevertheless, under certain conditions female fitness could be determined by her role in mediating use of sperm from multiple males. Here we ask whether females differ among genotypes in their tendency to exhibit last-male precedence. Competition of sperm from two tester male genotypes (bwD and B3-09, a third-chromosome isogenic line from Beltsville, MD) was quantified by doubly mating female lines that had been rendered homozygous for X, second, or third chromosomes isolated from natural populations. The composite sperm displacement parameter, P2′, was highly heterogeneous among lines, whether or not viability effects were compensated, implying the presence of polymorphic genes affecting access of sperm to eggs. Genetic variation of this type is completely neutral in the absence of pleiotropy or interaction between variation in the two sexes.

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