An evaluation of strategic and threshold control measures against the Karoo paralysis tick, Ixodes rubicundus (Acari: Ixodidae) in South Africa

1995 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-153
Author(s):  
L. J. Fourie ◽  
D. J. Kok ◽  
I. G. Horak ◽  
J. M. Van Zyl
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Threshold Control ◽  
Ixodes Rubicundus ◽  
Paralysis Tick

Sex ratio characteristics in Ixodes rubicundus (Acari: Ixodidae), the Karoo paralysis tick

1996 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 477-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Fourie ◽  
V. N. Belozerov ◽  
D. J. Kok
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Ixodes Rubicundus ◽  
Paralysis Tick

Lantana camara (lantana).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Thomas ◽  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval ◽  
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Agricultural Weed ◽  
Successful Control ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Ornamental Shrub

Abstract L. camara is a highly variable ornamental shrub, native of the neotropics. It has been introduced to most of the tropics and subtropics as a hedge plant and has since been reported as extremely weedy and invasive in many countries. It is generally deleterious to biodiversity and has been reported as an agricultural weed resulting in large economic losses in a number of countries. In addition to this, it increases the risk of fire, is poisonous to livestock and is a host for numerous pests and diseases. L. camara is difficult to control. In Australia, India and South Africa aggressive measures to eradicate L. camara over the last two centuries have been largely unsuccessful, and the invasion trajectory has continued upwards despite control measures. This species has been the target of biological control programmes for over a century, with successful control only being reported in a few instances.

scholarly journals Ambient Gaseous Pollutants in an Urban Area in South Africa: Levels and Potential Human Health Risk

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oyewale Mayowa Morakinyo ◽  
Murembiwa Stanley Mukhola ◽  
Matlou Ingrid Mokgobu
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Gaseous Pollutants

Urban air pollution from gaseous pollutants is a growing public health problem in many countries including South Africa. Examining the levels, trends and health risk of exposure to ambient gaseous pollutants will assist in understanding the effectiveness of existing control measures and plan for suitable management strategies. This study determined the concentration levels and non-cancer risk of CO, SO2, NO2, and O3 at an industrial area in Pretoria West, South Africa. We utilised a set of secondary data for CO, NO2, SO2, and O3 that was obtained from a monitoring station. Analysis of the hourly monitored data was done. Their non-cancer risk (HQ) was determined using the human health risk assessment model for different age categories. The annual levels of NO2 (39.442 µg/m3), SO2 (22.464 µg/m3), CO (722.003 µg/m3) and the 8-hour concentration of CO (649.902 µg/m3) and O3 (33.556 µg/m3) did not exceed the South African National Ambient Air Quality Standards for each pollutant. The HQ for each pollutant across exposed groups (except children) was less than 1. This indicates that the recorded levels could not pose non-cancer risk to susceptible individuals.

scholarly journals The Establishment and Rapid Spread of Sagittaria Platyphylla in South Africa

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1472
Author(s):  
Mpilonhle S. Ndlovu ◽  
Julie A. Coetzee ◽  
Menzi M. Nxumalo ◽  
Reshnee Lalla ◽  
Ntombifuthi Shabalala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Aquatic Macrophyte ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Mechanical Control ◽  
Potential Control ◽  
Control Option ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Lotic System

Sagittaria platyphylla Engelm. (Alismataceae) is a freshwater aquatic macrophyte that has become an important invasive weed in freshwater systems in South Africa, New Zealand, Australia, and recently China. In South Africa, due to its rapid increase in distribution and ineffective control options, it is recognised as one of the country’s worst invasive aquatic alien plants. In this paper, we investigate the spread of the plant since its first detection in 2008, and the management strategies currently carried out against it. Despite early detection and rapid response programmes, which included chemical and mechanical control measures, the plant was able to spread both within and between sites, increasing from just one site in 2008 to 72 by 2019. Once introduced into a lotic system, the plant was able to spread rapidly, in some cases up to 120 km within 6 years, with an average of 10 km per year. The plant was successfully extirpated at some sites, however, due to the failure of chemical and mechanical control, biological control is currently being considered as a potential control option.

An Arsenic-resistant Tick and its Control with “Gammexane” Dips.—Part II

1949 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. M. Whitnall ◽  
B. Bradford
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Single Host ◽  
Biological Tests ◽  
Excellent Control ◽  
Oil Emulsions ◽  
Paralysis Tick

The rapid spread of the single host arsenic-resistant blue tick, B. decoloratus, a transmitter of piroplasmosis and anaplasmosis, seriously affected a large and important cattle ranching area in South Africa.Biological tests, using the laboratory technique described in an earlier paper, enabled the most effective “Gammexane” preparations to be rapidly selected from numbers of experimental dips. The technique was also employed as a supplement to chemical analyses of dip wash samples where only the total hexachlorocyclohexane and not gamma isomer was estimated. Twenty-thousand adult female ticks were used in these in vitro tests. Oil emulsions seemed more active than dispersible powders or pastes, but all tests indicated that 50 parts per million “Gammexane” should satisfactorily control the tick in the field.Laboratory tests with larvae of the blue tick showed that “Gammexane” had a persistent action and was very toxic to this stage of the tick. Excellent control of larval ticks could be anticipated in the field.In vitro tests indicated that “Gammexane” was effective against the two- and three-host ticks, R. evertsi, R. appendiculatus, A. hebraeum, H. silacea and Hyalomma spp., but hand dressing and shorter dipping intervals might be necessary to control these ticks in the field. The sheep paralysis tick, I. pilosus, seemed to be resistant to “Gammexane” but was readily killed by arsenic.

scholarly journals Lumpy skin disease in southern Africa : a review of the disease and aspects of control

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Hunter ◽  
D. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Skin Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease ◽  
Strain Vaccine ◽  
Successful Control

This article reviews some of the important aspects of lumpy skin disease (LSD) that may impact on its successful control. A resurgence of the disease in the last decade has highlighted some constraints of the Neethling strain vaccine, but there is no evidence of vaccine breakdowns owing to the presence of heterologous field strains. More research is needed on epidemiology and transmission of LSD in South Africa to formulate control measures.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document