scholarly journals Ambient Gaseous Pollutants in an Urban Area in South Africa: Levels and Potential Human Health Risk

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oyewale Mayowa Morakinyo ◽  
Murembiwa Stanley Mukhola ◽  
Matlou Ingrid Mokgobu
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Gaseous Pollutants

Urban air pollution from gaseous pollutants is a growing public health problem in many countries including South Africa. Examining the levels, trends and health risk of exposure to ambient gaseous pollutants will assist in understanding the effectiveness of existing control measures and plan for suitable management strategies. This study determined the concentration levels and non-cancer risk of CO, SO2, NO2, and O3 at an industrial area in Pretoria West, South Africa. We utilised a set of secondary data for CO, NO2, SO2, and O3 that was obtained from a monitoring station. Analysis of the hourly monitored data was done. Their non-cancer risk (HQ) was determined using the human health risk assessment model for different age categories. The annual levels of NO2 (39.442 µg/m3), SO2 (22.464 µg/m3), CO (722.003 µg/m3) and the 8-hour concentration of CO (649.902 µg/m3) and O3 (33.556 µg/m3) did not exceed the South African National Ambient Air Quality Standards for each pollutant. The HQ for each pollutant across exposed groups (except children) was less than 1. This indicates that the recorded levels could not pose non-cancer risk to susceptible individuals.

scholarly journals Human Health Risk Assessment for Exposure to Potentially Toxic Elements in Polluted Rivers in the Ecuadorian Amazon

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 613
Author(s):  
Samantha Jiménez-Oyola ◽  
Kenny Escobar Segovia ◽  
María-Jesús García-Martínez ◽  
Marcelo Ortega ◽  
David Bolonio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Potentially Toxic Elements ◽  
Ecuadorian Amazon ◽  
Polluted Rivers

Anthropogenic activities performed in the Ecuadorian Amazon have released potentially toxic elements (PTEs) into the rivers, causing severe environmental pollution and increasing the risk of exposure to the residents of the surrounding areas. This study aims to carry out a human health risk assessment using deterministic and probabilistic methods to estimate the hazard index (HI) and total cancer risk (TCR) related to multi-pathway human exposure to PTEs in polluted rivers. Concentrations of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in surface water and sediment samples from rivers on the Ecuadorian Amazon were considered to assess the potential adverse human health effects. As a result, deterministic and probabilistic estimations of cancer and non-cancer risk through exposure to surface waters and sediments were above the safety limit. A sensitivity analysis identified the concentration of PTEs and the exposure duration (ED) as the two most important variables for probabilistic health risk assessment. The highest risk for receptors was related to exposure to polluted sediments through incidental ingestion and dermal contact routes. According to the deterministic estimation, the human health risk through ingestion of water was above the threshold in specific locations. This study reveals the potential health risk to which the population is exposed. This information can be used as a baseline to develop public strategies to reduce anthropogenic pollution and exposure to PTEs in Ecuadorian Amazon rivers.

scholarly journals ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION IN KUPANG CITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 252-258
Author(s):  
Suwari ◽  
Herry Zadrak Kotta ◽  
Paulus Bhuja
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Air Samples

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is one of the main pollutants that affecting the quality of life and human health. Mostly, the effects of NO2 exposure depending on concentration, duration of exposure and anthropometric variables. This study aimed to analyzing the NO2 concentration of ambient air and to assessing human health risks in real time and lifetime exposure. To achieve that goal, air samples were taken at four strategic locations in Kupang City, in which were represented by industrial, roadside, residential, and office areas. The Griess Saltzman method was used for sampling and analysis of NO2 levels. Totally, there were 48 air samples had been analyzed for NO2 levels. The detected NO2 concentration showed a trend varied between sampling locations. Overall, NO2 levels measured still met ambient air quality standards. Human health risk assessment was carried out by determining the intake (I) and Risk Quotient (RQs) in four groups of individuals exposed to NO2. The results shown that the RQs for real time and lifetime exposures were both less than 1.0, in which implying a non-carcinogenic risk of NO2 exposure in the study area. The results Health risk assessment also indicating that potential non-carcinogenic risks occur when NO2 exposure is more than 39 years.  

Human Health Risk Assessment via Amalgamation of Probability and Fuzzy Numbers

2019 ◽  
pp. 99-123
Author(s):  
Palash Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Fuzzy Numbers ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Human Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Combine Probability

This chapter presents an approach to combine probability distributions with imprecise (fuzzy numbers) parameters (mean and standard deviation) as well as fuzzy numbers (FNs) of various types and shapes within the same framework. The amalgamation of probability distribution and fuzzy numbers are done by generating three algorithms. Human health risk assessment is performed through the proposed algorithms. It is found that the chapter provides an exertion to perform human health risk assessment in a specific manner that has more efficacies because of its capacity to exemplify uncertainties of risk assessment model in its own fashion. It affords assistance to scientists, environmentalists, and experts to perform human health risk assessment providing better efficiency to the output.

Spatiotemporal Distributions of Fluorine and Arsenic in Rivers With the Role of Mining Industry and Related Human Health Risk Assessments in Kyrgyzstan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yizhen Li ◽  
Long Ma ◽  
Jilili Abuduwaili ◽  
Yaoming Li ◽  
Salamat Abdyzhapar uulu
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Total Risk ◽  
Spatiotemporal Distributions ◽  
Drinking Water Standard

Abstract To determine the spatiotemporal distributions and human health risks of fluoride and arsenic in the rivers of Kyrgyzstan as influenced by mining and other industries, 169 water samples were collected from the main rivers and tributaries of Kyrgyzstan from 2016 to 2018. Through the use of cold and hot spot analysis, multivariate statistical analysis and health risk assessment model, the results indicated that the fluorine and arsenic concentrations in river waters increased year by year from 2016 to 2018. In total, 2.38%, 3.26% and 10.64% of the analyzed samples exceeded the drinking water standard of a maximum permissible limit of 1 mg/L for fluoride, and 0%, 1.09% and 2.13% of the samples exceeded the limit of 10 µg/L for arsenic in 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The gathering areas for high fluorine concentrations were mainly distributed in the Issyk-Kul Basin, Chu River Valley and Fergana Basin, and the gathering areas for high arsenic concentrations were mainly concentrated in the Chu River Valley and southern Fergana Basin. Although fluorine and arsenic were not found to exceed the limits simultaneously, the two pollutants accumulated high values in the southern Fergana Basin in 2018, which indicated the risk of joint poisoning. The distributions of high fluorine and arsenic were found to be determined by mining, industrial and agricultural activities, but not by natural sources. From 2016 to 2018, arsenic concentrations in the river water of Kyrgyzstan created a high risk of carcinogenesis by the ingestion intake exposure route, which resulted in the total risk of health hazards to children and adults caused by fluoride and arsenic to exceed the maximum acceptable ranges. Therefore, further monitoring and management are urgently needed.

scholarly journals Adverse Human Health Impacts in the Anthropocene

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 117863021881279
Author(s):  
Richard Olawoyin
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Heavy Metal Contamination ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Tracheobronchial Tree

This commentary presents a summarized discussion of key findings and relevant ideas from previously published study, index analysis, and human health risk model application for evaluating ambient air-heavy metal contamination in Chemical Valley Sarnia (CVS). The CVS study provides previously unavailable data in the CVS area which evaluates the adverse effects on air quality due to nearby anthropogenic activities. The study provided an assessment of environmental pollutants, finding that carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic substances are present in trace quantities. The main findings of the study suggest that chronic exposure of humans to several contaminants identified in the area studied may lead to carcinogenic health effects, including cancer (such as nephroblastomatosis) as well as non-carcinogenic health effects, such as damage to the tracheobronchial tree. Children were found to have a significantly higher risk, that is, a higher hazard index: a value used to measure non-carcinogenic health risk from heavy metals identified in air samples collected during the research period from 2014 to 2017. This study quantified the influence of environmental contaminants, relative to human exposures and the consequence of developing nephroblastomatosis in the human population.

Health risk assessment of nitrate pollution in shallow groundwater: a case study in Changchun New District, China

2019 ◽  
pp. 45-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Tian ◽  
Xiujuan Liang ◽  
Yan Gong ◽  
Zhuang Kang ◽  
Hongtao Jin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Nitrate Pollution ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Skin Contact

High concentrations of nitrate in groundwater pose a threat to human health. To quantify groundwater nitrate pollution in China's Changchun New District and evaluate its human health risks, 98 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed. The spatial distribution of groundwater chemical components was variable with concentrations descending from TDS > HCO3− > Ca2+ > NO3− > SO42- > Na+ > Cl− > Mg2+ > K+ > NO2− > NH4+. Notably, NO3− concentrations ranged from 0.02–492.72 mg/L and averaged 98.62 mg/L. Over 50% of samples exceeded the Quality Standard for Groundwater of China Class III N threshold (20 mg/L). Principal component analysis determined that NO3 contamination was primarily due to the excessive use of fertilizers in agriculture. A human health risk assessment model was used to assess the potential health risks of groundwater NO3− via drinking water and skin contact pathways. Approximately 90% of adults, 66% of children, and 45% of infants had acceptable health risks in the study area. NO3− exposure risk in the towns of Longjia and Xiyingcheng was the highest, while urban areas tended to have lower exposures. The health risks of residents, especially minors and infants, were concerned.

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