Pacific salmon life histories

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-348
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Pacific Salmon

The marine phase of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) life cycle, with comparisons to Pacific salmon

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (S1) ◽  
pp. 104-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
L P Hansen ◽  
T P Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Mortality Factor ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
The North ◽  
Wide Range

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are distributed over large areas in the north Atlantic Ocean. They usually move very quickly from freshwater to oceanic areas, whereas there is considerable variation among Pacific salmon in early marine movements. In some areas, Atlantic salmon of exploitable size are sufficiently abundant that commercial high seas fisheries have developed. Such areas are off west Greenland, where North American and European fish are harvested, and in the Norwegian Sea, north of the Faroe Islands, where mainly European fish are exploited. Atlantic salmon feed on a wide range of large crustaceans, pelagic fish, and squid in the marine environment, supporting the hypothesis that Atlantic salmon are opportunistic feeders. In the ocean the salmon grow relatively quickly and the sea age when they become sexually mature depends on both genetics and on growing conditions. Natural marine mortality of salmon is highest during the first few months at sea and the major mortality factor is probably predation. However, marine mortality of Atlantic salmon has increased in recent years, apparently correlated with a decline in sea surface temperatures. Similar relationships between environmental conditions and the growth and survival of Pacific salmon have been reported. Atlantic salmon life histories most closely mimic stream-type chinook salmon or steelhead trout among the Pacific species. Finally, Atlantic and Pacific salmon return to their home rivers with high precision and possible mechanisms controlling the oceanic homing migration are presented and discussed.

scholarly journals Environmental DNA for the enumeration and management of Pacific salmon

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taal Levi ◽  
Jennifer M. Allen ◽  
Donovan Bell ◽  
John Joyce ◽  
Joshua R. Russell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stream Flow ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Flow Data ◽  
Counting Method ◽  
Daily Sampling ◽  
Fish Abundances ◽  
Management Challenge ◽  
Keystone Resource

AbstractPacific salmon are a keystone resource in Alaska, generating annual revenues of well over ∼US$500 million/yr. Due to their anadromous life history, adult spawners distribute amongst thousands of streams, posing a huge management challenge. Currently, spawners are enumerated at just a few streams because of reliance on human counters and, rarely, sonar. The ability to detect organisms by shed tissue (environmental DNA, eDNA) promises a more efficient counting method. However, although eDNA correlates generally with local fish abundances, we do not know if eDNA can accurately enumerate salmon. Here we show that daily, and near-daily, flow-corrected eDNA rate closely tracks daily numbers of returning sockeye and coho spawners and outmigrating sockeye smolts. eDNA thus promises accurate and efficient enumeration, but to deliver the most robust numbers will need higher-resolution stream-flow data, at-least-daily sampling, and a focus on species with simple life histories, since shedding rate varies amongst jacks, juveniles, and adults.

scholarly journals Criteria for a good catch: A conceptual framework to guide sourcing of sustainable salmon fisheries

FACETS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 300-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Gayeski ◽  
Misty MacDuffee ◽  
Jack A. Stanford
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Monterey Bay ◽  
Certification Programs ◽  
Ecosystem Science ◽  
Salmon Fisheries ◽  
Salmon Management

The identification of sustainably managed fisheries is problematic for marketers and consumers of Pacific salmon food products owing to lack of well-defined and robust criteria that take into account current ecosystem science of salmon. We present the rationale for an alternative conceptual framework for salmon management that supports the development of sustainable sourcing criteria. Our approach contrasts with current large-scale fisheries certification programs such as that of the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) and general consumer recommendation services such as Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood Watch (SFW) program. Our framework is based on the “place-based” character of salmon populations and recognition of fundamental aspects of salmon ecology, particularly the evolution of population life histories that are locally adapted to freshwater spawning and rearing habitats. We describe how this framework underpins development of science-based sourcing criteria and how it differs in important respects from the industrial approach that historically and currently is the basis for most salmon management. We conclude with a discussion of how the framework and its application may provide a model for redirecting salmon management, in general, towards a more science- and place-based approach and why that is likely to be sustainable in the long term in a way that most contemporary salmon management is not.

Pacific Salmon Environmental and Life History Models: Advancing Science for Sustainable Salmon in the Future

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Habitat Alteration ◽  
Freshwater Habitat ◽  
Equal Importance ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Olfactory Stimuli ◽  
Philosophical Viewpoint

<em>Abstract.—</em>We understand our environment through our senses and tend to interpret the behavior of other animals in the context of the world we understand. Butterflies and flowers sometimes show distinctive patterns in ultraviolet light that are important to them but invisible to us. Likewise, the senses of fish and their experience of the world are very different from ours. Many aspects of a salmon’s environment, such as olfactory stimuli, are completely invisible to us. Other factors, like certain aspects of habitat alteration, are visible but unnoticed because they occurred gradually or long ago. Like Poe’s purloined letter they are cryptic—there for us to see if we only knew what to look for. As we build salmon models we base them on what we understand is important to the fish. However, our anthropocentric bias may cause us to overlook or misinterpret factors of importance. In addition, our necessarily simplified models, when applied to management, may result in a pernicious simplification of the salmon populations we wish to preserve. For example, if we model and manage for a dominant (or highly visible or easily monitored) salmon life history we may inadvertently eliminate other life histories of equal importance, or reduce diversity in ways that affect population viability. We should actively seek to identify important factors missing from our models and be aware of critical assumptions. Recognizing that our models are tools used to understand and manage salmon, we should try to understand the broader implications of these models to the future of the salmon we hope to preserve. In this essay, I offer speculation about what we may be missing in freshwater habitat, life history diversity, metapopulation dynamics, ocean survival, and water chemistry. I also consider the question of scale, and the effect our philosophical viewpoint may have on the direction and application of our modeling efforts and the likelihood of successful outcomes.

Pacific Salmon Environmental and Life History Models: Advancing Science for Sustainable Salmon in the Future

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Habitat Management ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Fish Habitat ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
History Of

<em>Abstract.—</em>Salmon have complex life histories that have been extensively studied, particularly in freshwater, yet most salmon management relies on models that ignore much of salmon life history. For instance, calculation of optimal escapement for most Pacific salmon stocks summarizes their entire life history into a single relationship between spawners and subsequent recruits. Similarly, most analyses of salmon habitat have used models that fail to integrate the complex life history of salmon and have often considered only a single “limiting factor.” Computational methods and models are now being used to incorporate life history and habitat information directly into evaluations of both harvesting and habitat management policies. Challenges and opportunities in using life history models include (1) the need for better dynamic understanding of how habitat affects survival, (2) turning current “expert system” analysis into statistical estimation, (3) application of life history models to hatchery/wild interaction, (4) quantifying essential fish habitat using life history models, (5) using real data and modeling stock structure in evaluation of harvest strategies, and (6) use of such models to explore salmon/ocean interactions.

Do bears facilitate transfer of salmon resources to aquatic macroinvertebrates?

2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 2285-2293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Winder ◽  
Daniel E Schindler ◽  
Jonathan W Moore ◽  
Susan P Johnson ◽  
Wendy J Palen
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Stream Invertebrates ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Salmon Carcass ◽  
Isotope Analyses ◽  
Long Term Survey ◽  
Spawning Habitats

In coastal areas of the Pacific Northwest bears (Ursus spp.) prey heavily on spawning Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) and selectively kill energy-rich individuals that are the most recent arrivals on spawning grounds. Pacific salmon eventually die in spawning habitats anyway, albeit with considerably lower energetic content. We investigated whether foraging activities of bears facilitate growth of stream invertebrates by increasing the duration of salmon carcass availability and the nutritional value of carcasses for scavengers. Our survey in southwest Alaska showed that carcasses are highly colonized by caddisfly (Trichoptera) larvae. Caddisflies show a strong preference for bear-killed over senescent carcasses, which may be a result of extended temporal availability, improved accessibility of consumable tissue, and higher energetic content of bear-killed fish. Isotope analyses further indicate uptake of marine-derived nutrients in caddisflies during the salmon run, which, however, does not extend into subsequent generations. Thus, species with life histories linked to the annual marine derived nutrient pulse gain the biggest advantage from the salmon resource subsidy. A long-term survey in several creeks in this region showed that bear predation intensity varied greatly among creeks and years, therefore indirect effects of bear predation on aquatic scavengers are likely highly patchy in time and space.

Effects of warming climate and competition in the ocean for life-histories of Pacific salmon

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 935-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Cline ◽  
Jan Ohlberger ◽  
Daniel E. Schindler
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Warming Climate

scholarly journals Strontium isotopes delineate fine-scale natal origins and migration histories of Pacific salmon

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. e1400124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean R. Brennan ◽  
Christian E. Zimmerman ◽  
Diego P. Fernandez ◽  
Thure E. Cerling ◽  
Megan V. McPhee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Strontium Isotopes ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Complex Population ◽  
Population Structures ◽  
Relative Production ◽  
Provenance Research ◽  
And Migration

Highly migratory organisms present major challenges to conservation efforts. This is especially true for exploited anadromous fish species, which exhibit long-range dispersals from natal sites, complex population structures, and extensive mixing of distinct populations during exploitation. By tracing the migratory histories of individual Chinook salmon caught in fisheries using strontium isotopes, we determined the relative production of natal habitats at fine spatial scales and different life histories. Although strontium isotopes have been widely used in provenance research, we present a new robust framework to simultaneously assess natal sources and migrations of individuals within fishery harvests through time. Our results pave the way for investigating how fine-scale habitat production and life histories of salmon respond to perturbations—providing crucial insights for conservation.

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