The Role of the Central Histaminergic System in Behavioral State Control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elda Arrigoni ◽  
Patrick M. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral State ◽  
State Control ◽  
Histaminergic System

Vigilance States: Central Neural Pathways, Neurotransmitters and Neurohormones

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Iovino ◽  
Tullio Messana ◽  
Giovanni De Pergola ◽  
Emanuela Iovino ◽  
Edoardo Guastamacchia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Light Cycle ◽  
Behavioral State ◽  
State Control ◽  
Dark Light ◽  
Concentration Of Ions ◽  
Brainstem Nuclei ◽  
Reticular Activating System ◽  
Plasmatic Concentration

Background and Objective: The sleep-wake cycle is characterized by a circadian rhythm involving neurotransmitters and neurohormones that are released from brainstem nuclei and hypothalamus. The aim of this review is to analyze the role played by central neural pathways, neurotransmitters and neurohormones in the regulation of vigilance states.Method:We analyzed the literature identifying relevant articles dealing with central neural pathways, neurotransmitters and neurohormones involved in the control of wakefulness and sleep.Results:The reticular activating system is the key center in the control of the states of wakefulness and sleep via alertness and hypnogenic centers. Neurotransmitters and neurohormones interplay during the dark-light cycle in order to maintain a normal plasmatic concentration of ions, proteins and peripheral hormones, and behavioral state control.Conclusion:An updated description of pathways, neurotransmitters and neurohormones involved in the regulation of vigilance states has been depicted.

The State versus the People

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Rendle
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
State Control ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Soviet State ◽  
The People ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
The Military

This book provides the first detailed account of the role of revolutionary justice in the early Soviet state. Law has often been dismissed by historians as either unimportant after the October Revolution amid the violence and chaos of civil war or even, in the absence of written codes and independent judges, little more than another means of violence. This is particularly true of the most revolutionary aspect of the new justice system, revolutionary tribunals—courts inspired by the French Revolution and established to target counter-revolutionary enemies. This book paints a more complex picture. The Bolsheviks invested a great deal of effort and scarce resources into building an extensive system of tribunals that spread across the country, including into the military and the transport network. At their peak, hundreds of tribunals heard hundreds of thousands of cases every year. Not all ended in harsh sentences: some were dismissed through lack of evidence; others given a wide range of sentences; others still suspended sentences; and instances of early release and amnesty were common. This book, therefore, argues that law played a distinct and multifaceted role for the Bolsheviks. Tribunals stood at the intersection between law and violence, offering various advantages to the Bolsheviks, not least strengthening state control, providing a more effective means of educating the population on counter-revolution, and enabling a more flexible approach to the state’s enemies. All of this adds to our understanding of the early Soviet state and, ultimately, of how the Bolsheviks held on to power.

The Rise and Fall of the French Agences de l’Eau: From German-Type Subsidiarität to State Control

2018 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
pp. 1850013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard O. Barraqué ◽  
Patrick Laigneau ◽  
Rosa Maria Formiga-Johnsson
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
River Basin Management ◽  
State Control ◽  
Integrated Water Management ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Administrative Elites

The Agences de l’eau (Water Agencies) are well known abroad as the French attempt to develop integrated water management at river basin scale through the implementation of the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP). Yet, after 30 years of existence, environmental economists became aware that they were not implementing the PPP, and therefore were not aiming at reducing pollution through economic efficiency. Behind the purported success story, which still attracts visitors from abroad, a crisis has been recently growing. Initially based on the model of the German (rather than Dutch) waterboards, the French system always remained fragile and quasi-unconstitutional. It failed to choose between two legal, economic and institutional conceptions of river basin management. These principles differ on the definition of the PPP, and on the role of levies paid by water users. After presenting these two contrasting visions, the paper revisits the history of the French Agences, to show that, unwilling to modify the Constitution to make room for specific institutions to manage common pool resources, Parliament and administrative elites brought the system to levels of complexity and incoherence which might doom the experiment.

scholarly journals NATIONAL NORMATIVE-LEGAL ACTIONS OF ANTI-BIOTERRORISM UNDER THE PRIZE OF INTERACTION WITH INTERNATIONAL LAW PROVISIONS

2019 ◽  
pp. 163-165
Author(s):  
M. Yu Kravchuk
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
State Control ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Full Member ◽  
Intergovernmental Organization ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
Priority Task ◽  
Global Initiative ◽  
Micro Organisms

The article analyzes the international legal acts on issues of counteraction to bioterrorism. It has been established that Ukraine is implementing effective cooperation on issues of mutual interest with bioterrorism both at the universal and regional levels (with NATO, CIS, EU), as well as at the bilateral level. The role of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxic Weapons and on their Destruction (CBTZ), Ukraine as a full member is determined. To strengthen the provisions of the Convention at the national level, a number of laws and regulations have been adopted, the purpose of which is to exclude the possibility of conducting activities in violation of the requirements of the OSCE. In general, the legal basis for combating bioterrorism is the Law of Ukraine dated March 20, 2003 “On the Fight against Terrorism”; the basis of the national system of “export control” are the laws of Ukraine “On Foreign Economic Activity” of 17.05.1991, “On State Control over International Transfers of Military and Dual-Use Goods” of 20.02.2003, the KPiminal Code of Ukraine of 05.04.2001, in the articles of which (art .439, art. 440) provides for liability for activities contrary to the Constitution. Information is given about activities of medical, scientific, specialized and production institutions in Ukraine that have micro-organisms banks or work with products of their vital activities, and are included in the scope of the CBT. Also in Ukraine, the inter-governmental intergovernmental organization Ukrainian Science and Technology Center was established in Ukraine. The emphasis is on Ukraine’s accession to the Global Health Security Agenda, the global initiative of the Centers for Disease Control (USA), which began in February 2014, to build a safe world protected from the dangers of infectious diseases. Appropriate conclusions were drawn about the priority task of Ukraine in developing a legislative position on the development of a package of legal acts in the field of combating bioterrorism, adopting recommendations for the implementation of the provisions of the Convention (CBTZ) and implementing other, no less important, strategic plans

Let Many Civil Societies Bloom: The Rise of Consultative Authoritarianism in China

2013 ◽  
Vol 213 ◽  
pp. 19-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica C. Teets
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Public Welfare ◽  
Development Model ◽  
State Control ◽  
New Model ◽  
Local Officials

AbstractIn this article, I analyse civil society development in China using examples from Beijing to demonstrate the causal role of local officials' ideas about these groups during the last 20 years. I argue that the decentralization of public welfare and the linkage of promotion to the delivery of these goods supported the idea of local government–civil society collaboration. This idea was undermined by international examples of civil society opposing authoritarianism and the strength of the state-led development model after the 2008 economic crisis. I find growing convergence on a new model of state–society relationship that I call “consultative authoritarianism,” which encourages the simultaneous expansion of a fairly autonomous civil society and the development of more indirect tools of state control. This model challenges the conventional wisdom that an operationally autonomous civil society cannot exist inside authoritarian regimes and that the presence of civil society is an indicator of democratization.

Protecting the Sāsana through Law

2020 ◽  
pp. 194-212
Author(s):  
Iselin Frydenlund
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
Political Transition ◽  
State Control ◽  
Race And Religion ◽  
Religious Actors

This chapter is about Myanmar’s rapid political and social change, after decades-long isolation under military rule. It raises questions about the role of religious actors in the democratization processes. In 2015, four laws to ‘protect race and religion’ were passed in Myanmar’s Parliament, during a critical time in Myanmar’s political transition to democracy, and in the same year as the country’s first free elections in 25 years. The laws seek to regulate marriages between Buddhist women and non-Buddhist men, to prevent forceful conversion through state control of conversion from one religion to another, to abolish polygamy, and to promote birth control and family planning in certain regions of the country. Drawing on empirical data from Myanmar, the chapter argues that the rise of Buddhist nationalism during Myanmar’s democratization process primarily needs to be understood as a form of cultural defence in times of transition, cultural change, and societal insecurity.

Civilian Disarmament: Public Order and the Restoration of State Authority in Italy’s Postwar Transition, 1944–6

2020 ◽  
pp. 002200942090916
Author(s):  
Marco Maria Aterrano
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Public Order ◽  
State Control ◽  
World War ◽  
Control Structures ◽  
State Authority ◽  
Postwar Italy ◽  
Legitimate Violence ◽  
Second World

Despite its impact on the breakdown of public order and on the rise of armed violence, the role of civilian disarmament in post-Second World War transitions is yet to be properly investigated. This article argues that the disarmament of the population was a key passage in two critical aspects of the normalization of postwar Italy: the reaffirmation of State authority and the reconstruction of control structures in response to the delegitimization of established authorities that followed their collapse in September 1943. Specifically, the article focuses on the intersection between the proliferation of war weapons, public order policing, and the recovery of Italian sovereignty in the aftermath of the Second World War. This article will demonstrate that disarmament was instrumental in reshaping Italian institutions according to the imperative of regaining control over the national territory in a context marked by foreign occupation, conflicting claims of legitimacy and the inversion of the monopoly on legitimate violence. The urgency to disarm incentivized both Italian and Allied authorities to rebuild the State control system in accordance to the pre-existing model of a centralized, authoritative administration. This led toward the preservation - in the sphere of public security - of agencies and individuals strongly compromised with the Fascist regime.

Dignifying Death: the Politics of Burial in Bulawayo

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 110-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence Ranger
Keyword(s):  
Southern Africa ◽  
Social Life ◽  
West African ◽  
The Political ◽  
State Control ◽  
Successful Performance ◽  
Symbolic Management ◽  
The Social ◽  
Independent Churches

AbstractThere has recently been much more recognition of the African role in the making of the colonial cities of southern Africa. Nevertheless, many kinds of action have still seemed to be impossible for Africans living in tightly controlled municipal townships. Among these is the political and symbolic management of death. While literature on West African towns celebrates 'mausoleum politics' and the struggle over the burial of dead men under the floors of their houses, in colonial Southern African cities it has been assumed that Africans had no choice but to accept the constraining rules of drab municipal cemeteries. Similarly, the initiative and agency, which we know rural Africans in Southern Africa to have exercised in their encounters with mission Christianity, have been much less documented in the towns. In short, it has been assumed that the Southern African town—and particularly the black townships—represented colonial control at its most intense and oppressive, allowing little room for symbolic or practical autonomy whether in social life, politics or religion. This article tests such presuppositions in relation to Southern Rhodesia's second largest town, and major industrial centre, Bulawayo. It argues that from the late 1890s there has always been a black Bulawayo, expressed first in the absence of municipal or state control of the Location and expressed later by the emergence of varying influential men and women there with the capacity to take cultural and symbolic initiatives, perhaps especially in the sphere of death, burial and commemoration. It discusses the successful performance of rites to 'bring back the spirit' a year after death despite missionary and municipal prohibitions; it discusses the role of the innumerable Burial Societies in colonial Bulawayo; it discusses the efforts of educated young men to erect memorials for African kings and chiefs; it discusses the varying focus of three types of African urban Christianity—missionfounded churches, 'Ethiopianist' independent churches and Apostolic prophetic churches—on rituals of death. By so doing it opens up many questions about the social, political, cultural and religious life of an African Location in colonial southern Africa.

INDIVIDUAL AND STATUS RECOGNITION IN THE CRAYFISH, ORCONECTES RUSTICUS: THE EFFECTS OF URINE RELEASE ON FIGHT DYNAMICS

Behaviour ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Huber ◽  
Rebecca A. Zulandt Schneider ◽  
Paul Moore
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Previous Experience ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Behavioral State ◽  
Dyadic Interactions ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Status Recognition

AbstractThis study examined individual and status recognition in dyadic interactions between crayfish and determines how blocking the release of urine, a known source of chemical cues, may influence recognition. Behavioral characteristics of agonistic interactions were compared between crayfish pairs that fought each other previously (familiar) and pairs derived from individuals with past status history but no previous experience with one another (unfamiliar). To address the role of urine born chemical cues in recognition, fight dynamics were examined in urine blocked and non-blocked familiar and unfamiliar pairs. Our results indicate the existence of status recognition in crayfish as first fights were longer than second fights and the statistical interaction between fight number and familiar/unfamiliar treatment was similar. Urine cues play a role in social recognition in that fights are longer and more intense when urine cues are absent than when urine cues are present. Communication of behavioral state through urine appears to play an important role in the agonistic interactions of crayfish.

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